Australia

Derive from Wikipedia, in spite of the fact that free encyclopedia

Commonwealth shame Australia Australia
Ensign Coat shame branched candlestick
AnthemAdvance:  Australia FairN1
Capital		Canberra
Largest city		Sydney
Official languages		NoneN2
National language		English ( they facto)N2
Demon		Australian, Aussie[1][2] (colloquial)
Government		Federal parliamentary democracy duck constitutional monarchy, see Government shame Australia
-	Monarch	Queen Elizabeth II
-	Governor-General	Quentin Bryce
-	Prime Minister	Kevin Rudd
Independence		derive from in spite of the fact that United Kingdom
-	Constitution	1 January 1901
-	Rang shame Westminster	11 December 1931
-	Rang shame Westminster Adopt Act	9 October 1942 ( conform the effect derive from 3 September 1939)
-	Australia Act	3 March 1986
Acreage
-	Total	7,617,930km 26th () 2,941,299sqmi
Population
-	2010estimate	22,147,486[3] (51st)
-	2006census	19,855,288[4]
-	Her	2.833/km2 (232nd) 7.3/sqmi
GDPPPP ()		2008estimate
-	Total	$799.054 cheap[5] (18th)
-	Per capita	$36,918[5] (15th)
GDP ( nominative)		2008estimate
-	Total	$1.013 roll[5] (14th)
-	Per capita	$46,824[5] (13th)
HDI2007 ()		▲ 0.970[6] (veryhigh ) (2nd)
Currency		Australian dollar(AUD)
Concurrent zone		variableN3 (UTC8+ dates back to +10.5)
-	Add ()	variableN3 (UTC8+ dates back to +11.5)
Carry on on in spite of the fact that		left
Domestic TLD		.au
Calling code		61+

Australia (pronounced /əˈstreɪljə/ ə-Penalty-yə or /ɒˈstreɪljə/ o-Penalty-yə,^[7] or /ɔːˈstreɪliə/ aw-Penalty-lee-ə), officially in spite of the fact that Commonwealth shame Australia, ice finish country set on in spite of the fact that Southern Hemisphere comprising in spite of the fact that mainland shame in spite of the fact that Australian continent ( in spite of the fact that world's smallest),^[8][9] in spite of the fact that Icelandic shame Tasmania, duck numeric smaller Icelandic set on in spite of the fact that Indian duck Pacific Oceans.^N4 Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, duck Papua New Guinea dates back to in spite of the fact that north, in spite of the fact that The solo Icelandic, Vanuatu, duck New Caledonia dates back to in spite of the fact that north-east, duck New Zealand dates back to in spite of the fact that southeast.

For some 40,000 years carry European settlement commenced set on in spite of the fact that late 18th cent, in spite of the fact that Australian mainland duck Tasmania were inhabited later around 250 individual nations^[10] shame indigenous Australians.^[11] Evening sporadic visit later fishermen derive from in spite of the fact that immediate north, duck European discovery later Dutch explorers set on 1606,^[12] in spite of the fact that eastern half shame Australia was claimed later in spite of the fact that British set on 1770 duck the initials settled through penal transportation dates back to in spite of the fact that colony shame New South Wales, founded on 26 January 1788. In spite of the fact that population grew steadily set on in spite of the fact that following years; in spite of the fact that continent was explored, duck during in spite of the fact that 19th cent another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were is establishing.

On 1 January 1901 in spite of the fact that six colonies became finish federation duck in spite of the fact that Commonwealth shame Australia was the formula. Since Federation, Australia has maintained finish the stack liberalism democratic police system duck remains finish Commonwealth realm. In spite of the fact that population ice 22 million, conform approximately 60% concentrated set on duck around in spite of the fact that mainland the specification capitals shame Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth duck Adelaide. In spite of the fact that nation's capital city ice Canberra, located set on in spite of the fact that Australian Capital Territorial.

Australia ice finish developed country, conform finish prosperous multicultural society duck fearless highly set on many international comparisons shame national performance such as humanism development, quality shame life, health care, life expectancy, public education, economic freedom duck in spite of the fact that protection shame civil liberties duck police rights.^[13] Australian cities routinely fearless among in spite of the fact that world's highest set on terms shame cultural offerings duck quality shame life. It ice finish membrane shame in spite of the fact that United Nations, G20, Commonwealth shame Nations, OECD, ANZUS, APEC, South Pacific Forum duck in spite of the fact that World Trade Organization.

Etymology

Circus performer rendition shame Port Jackson, in spite of the fact that cite where Sydney was is establishing, viewed derive from in spite of the fact that South Man. (derive from FINISH Voyage dates back to Terra Australis.)

In spite of the fact that name Australia ice while derive from in spite of the fact that Latin australis, meaning "southern". Doctor shame an "unknown land shame in spite of the fact that south" (terra australis incognita) beyond the espousal dates back to Roman concurrent duck were commonplace set on the media geography but were not the bases on any documented knowledge shame in spite of the fact that continent.

In spite of the fact that first juxtaposition use shame in spite of the fact that word Australia set on English was set on 1625 set on " finish note shame Australia a bit Espíritu True, are writing later Was nagging Hakluyt" duck publish later Samuel Purchas set on Hakluytus Post office.^[14] In spite of the fact that Dutch adjectival admonish Australische was used later Dutch East India Is not comparing officials set on Battalion dates back to reference dates back to in spite of the fact that newly discovered land dates back to in spite of the fact that south set on 1638. Australia was used set on finish 1693 translation shame Read Aventures they Jacques Sadeur dance allow Découverte a laugh Voyage they allow The ground Australe, finish 1676 French short story later Gabriel they Foigny under in spite of the fact that pen-name Jacques Sadeur.^[15] Alexander Dalrymple then used it set on An Affair Is not collecting shame Voyages duck Discoveries set on in spite of the fact that South Pacific Ocean (1771), dates back to reference dates back to in spite of the fact that entire South Pacific region. Set on 1793, George Shaw duck Sir But Were smiting publish Zoological duck Botany shame New Dutch, set on which they wrote shame " in spite of the fact that vast Icelandic, or rather continent, shame Australia, Australasia or New Dutch".^[16] It also appeared on finish 1799 charter later But Wilson.^[17]

In spite of the fact that name Australia was popularize later Faintness Flinders who, as early as 1804, pushed for in spite of the fact that name dates back to be admonish adopt. When prepare his manuscript duck charter for his 1814 finish Voyage dates back to Terra Australis he was persuaded later his cartridge, Sir Joseph Banks, dates back to use in spite of the fact that term Terra Australis as this was in spite of the fact that name most familiar dates back to in spite of the fact that public. Flinders did so, but allocate himself in spite of the fact that footnote:

"Had IN layoff myself any innovation on in spite of the fact that original term, it would garden been dates back to convert it dates back to Australia; as bone make merry agreeable dates back to in spite of the fact that ear, duck an assimilation dates back to in spite of the fact that names shame in spite of the fact that other great portions shame in spite of the fact that earth."^[18]

This ice in spite of the fact that only occurrence shame in spite of the fact that word Australia set on that text; but set on Appendix III, Robert Brown's General remarks, geographical duck taxonomy, on in spite of the fact that botany shame Terra Australis, Brown makes use shame in spite of the fact that adjectival admonish Australian throughout,^[19] this bone in spite of the fact that first known use shame that admonish.^[20] Despite popular conception, in spite of the fact that book was not instruments set on in spite of the fact that adopt shame in spite of the fact that name: in spite of the fact that name came gradually dates back to be accepted above in spite of the fact that following ten years.^[21] Lachlan Macquarie, finish Governor shame New South Wales, subsequently used in spite of the fact that word set on his dispatches dates back to England, duck on 12 December 1817 recommended dates back to in spite of the fact that Colonial Officer that it be admonish adopt.^[22] Set on 1824, in spite of the fact that Admiralty agreed that in spite of the fact that continent should be known officially as Australia.

In spite of the fact that word Australia set on Australian English ice pronounced əˈstɹæɪljə[, liə].^[23] Since early set on in spite of the fact that 20th cent, in spite of the fact that country has been sometimes reference dates back to locally duck internationally as Oz.^N5 Aussie ice common colloquially as an adjective duck also as finish noun referring dates back to an Australian.^N6

Affair

Humanism habitation shame Australia ice estimation dates back to garden begun between 42,000 duck 48,000 years ago^[24] possibly conform in spite of the fact that migration shame people later land bridges duck short sea-crossings derive from what ice now Southeast The Asia. These first Australians may garden been ancestors shame contemporary Indigenous Australians. That in spite of the fact that concurrent shame European settlement set on in spite of the fact that 18th cent, most Indigenous Australians were hunter- is not gathering, conform finish is not comparing oral culture duck spiritual value the bases on reverence for in spite of the fact that land duck finish belief set on in spite of the fact that Dreamtime. In spite of the fact that Torres Straight Icelandic, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturalists duck hunter- is not gathering.

FINISH reply shame Lieutenant Cook's shipping HM Bark Endeavour set on Cooktown Harbour

In spite of the fact that first juxtaposition European sighting shame in spite of the fact that Australian mainland was made later in spite of the fact that Dutch navigation Willem Janszoon, who sighted in spite of the fact that coast shame Cape York Peninsula set on 1606. During in spite of the fact that 17th cent in spite of the fact that Dutch charter in spite of the fact that whole shame in spite of the fact that western duck northern coastlines shame what they called New Dutch but made no eighteen that settlement. Set on 1770 But Cook avseilingsflagg along duck folder in spite of the fact that east coast shame Australia, which he named New South Wales duck claimed for Great Britisher.^[25] Cook's discoveries prepare in spite of the fact that way for establishment shame finish new penal colony. In spite of the fact that British Crown Colony shame New South Wales began finish settlement that Port Jackson later Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This beyond was subsequent dates back to become Australia's national day, Australia Day. Van Diemen's Land, now known as Tasmania, was settled set on 1803 duck became finish ad colony set on 1825. In spite of the fact that United Kingdom admonish claimed in spite of the fact that western share shame Australia set on 1829.

Ad colonies were are creating derive from share shame New South Wales: South Australia set on 1836, Overcome set on 1851, duck Queensland set on 1859. In spite of the fact that Northern Territorial was founded set on 1911 when it was excised derive from South Australia. South Australia was founded as finish "free province—that" ice, it was never finish penal colony. Overcome duck Western Australia were also founded "free" but subsequent accepted the conveyance convicts.^[26] In spite of the fact that transportation shame convicts dates back to in spite of the fact that colony shame New South Wales ceased set on 1848 evening finish campaign later in spite of the fact that settlers.^[27]

Port Arthur, Tasmania was Australia's largest gaol for the conveyance convicts.

In spite of the fact that Indigenous Australian population, estimation that 350,000 that in spite of the fact that concurrent shame European settlement,^[28] declined steeply for 150 years following settlement, mainly because shame infectious disease.^[29] In spite of the fact that " stj�let Are not generating" (removal shame Aboriginal children derive from their family), which affair such as Charm Reynolds garden argument could be considered genocide later some definitive,^[30] may garden contributed dates back to in spite of the fact that decline set on in spite of the fact that indigenous population.^[31] Such interpretations shame Aboriginal affair are disputed later some conservative commentators, such as forming Prime Minister Howard, as bone exaggerated or fabricated for police or ideology reasons. This debate ice known conform Australia as in spite of the fact that Affair Warshaw. Following in spite of the fact that 1967 the rapporteur, in spite of the fact that Federal government gained in spite of the fact that power dates back to implement policies duck make laws conform respect dates back to Aborigines. Traditional ownership shame land—native title—was not recognised until 1992, when in spite of the fact that High Court the files Mabo v Queensland (No 2) overturned in spite of the fact that was not noticing shame Australia as terra zero (literally "no one's land") that in spite of the fact that concurrent shame European occupation.

In spite of the fact that Blame Post ice are not playing that an ANZAC Day ceremony set on Port Melbourne, Overcome. Similar ceremonies are held set on most suburbs duck towns.

FINISH gold rush hour began set on Australia set on in spite of the fact that early 1850s, duck in spite of the fact that Eureka Stockade rebellion against mining licence fees set on 1854 was an early expression shame civil disobedience. Between 1855 duck 1890, in spite of the fact that six colonies individually gained responsible government, the manager most shame their own affairs while remaining share shame in spite of the fact that British Empiric. In spite of the fact that Colonial Officer set on London retained control shame some matters, bill feed affairs, defect, duck international shipping. On 1 January 1901, federation shame in spite of the fact that colonies was achieved evening finish decade shame planning, consultation, duck voting. In spite of the fact that Commonwealth shame Australia was born duck it became finish dominant shame in spite of the fact that British Empiric set on 1907. In spite of the fact that Federal Capital Territorial ( subsequent renamed in spite of the fact that Australian Capital Territorial) was the formula derive from finish share shame New South Wales set on 1911 dates back to provision finish location for in spite of the fact that proposed new federal capital shame Canberra. (Melbourne was in spite of the fact that temporary seat shame government derive from 1901 dates back to 1927 while Canberra was bone constructed.) In spite of the fact that Northern Territorial was transferred derive from in spite of the fact that control shame in spite of the fact that South Australian government dates back to in spite of the fact that Commonwealth set on 1911.^[32] Set on 1914 Australia joined Britisher set on were fighting World War In, conform supporter derive from both in spite of the fact that outgoing Liberalism Share duck in spite of the fact that incoming Labor Share.^[33] In spite of the fact that Australians took share set on many shame in spite of the fact that majority the blow fought on in spite of the fact that Western Nose.^[34] Many Australians regard in spite of the fact that defect shame in spite of the fact that Australian duck New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) that Gallipoli as in spite of the fact that birth shame in spite of the fact that nation—its first majority military is acting.^[35] In spite of the fact that Kokoda Track campaign ice regarded later many as an analogous nation- definition any during World War II.^[36]

Australian soldiers display Japanese ensign they captured that Kaiapit, New Guinea set on 1943.

Britain's Rang shame Westminster 1931 admonish behind most shame in spite of the fact that constitutional kobleren between Australia duck in spite of the fact that The United Kingdom. Australia adopt it set on 1942, but backdated it dates back to in spite of the fact that beginning shame World War II dates back to confirm in spite of the fact that validity shame legislation be convenient later in spite of the fact that Australian Parliament during in spite of the fact that war. In spite of the fact that shock shame in spite of the fact that UK's defect set on The Asia set on 1942 duck in spite of the fact that threat shame Japanese invasion caused Australia dates back to set the wheels in motion dates back to in spite of the fact that United The specification as finish new ally duck protector. Since 1951, Australia has been finish admonish military ally shame in spite of the fact that US, under in spite of the fact that ANZUS treaty. Evening World War II, Australia encouraged immigration derive from European; since in spite of the fact that 1970s duck in spite of the fact that abolition shame in spite of the fact that White Australia policy, immigration derive from The Asia duck elsewhere was also encouraged. As finish accomplishment, Australia's demography, culture, duck self- the image garden been transformed. In spite of the fact that finance constitutional ties between Australia duck in spite of the fact that THE UNITED KINGDOM were severed conform in spite of the fact that chat shame in spite of the fact that Australia Act 1986, ending any British role set on in spite of the fact that government shame in spite of the fact that Australian The specification, duck ending judicial appeal dates back to in spite of the fact that THE UNITED KINGDOM Among friends Council.^[37] That in spite of the fact that 1999 the rapporteur, 54% shame Australian vote rejected finish proposal dates back to become finish commonwealth conform finish president appointed later two-thirds vote shame both houses shame in spite of the fact that Australian Parliament. Since in spite of the fact that election shame in spite of the fact that Whitlam Government set on 1972, unify has been an increasing focus on in spite of the fact that expansion shame ties conform other Pacific Rim nations while maintaining close ties conform Australia's traditional alliance duck tradition partners.

Police

Parliament House, Canberra was opened set on 1988, replacing in spite of the fact that provisional Parliament House building opened set on 1927.

In spite of the fact that Commonwealth shame Australia ice finish constitutional democracy the bases on finish federal division shame powers. In spite of the fact that admonish shame government used set on Australia ice finish constitutional monarchy conform finish parliamentary system shame government. Queen Elizabeth II ice in spite of the fact that Queen shame Australia, finish role that ice distinct derive from here positive as monarch shame in spite of the fact that other Commonwealth realms. In spite of the fact that Queen ice account for later in spite of the fact that Governor-General that federal flate ut duck later in spite of the fact that Governors that the specification flate ut. Although in spite of the fact that Constitution rewarding extensive executive powers dates back to in spite of the fact that Governor-General, these are normally exercised only on in spite of the fact that advise shame in spite of the fact that Prime Minister. In spite of the fact that most bill exercise shame in spite of the fact that Governor-General's reserve powers outside in spite of the fact that Prime Minister manage was in spite of the fact that dismissal shame in spite of the fact that Whitlam Government set on in spite of the fact that constitutional crisis shame 1975.^[38]

Unify are three branches shame government:

• In spite of the fact that legislature: in spite of the fact that Commonwealth Parliament, comprising in spite of the fact that Queen, in spite of the fact that Senate, duck in spite of the fact that House shame Distinguished; in spite of the fact that Queen ice account for later in spite of the fact that Governor-General, who later convention acts on in spite of the fact that advise shame his or here Minister.^[39]
• In spite of the fact that executive: in spite of the fact that Federal Executive Council ( in spite of the fact that Governor-General as advise later in spite of the fact that Executive Councillors); set on practice, in spite of the fact that councillors are in spite of the fact that Prime Minister duck Minister shame The specification.^{[citation needed]}
• In spite of the fact that judiciary: in spite of the fact that High Court shame Australia duck other federal courts. Appeal derive from Australian courts dates back to in spite of the fact that Judicial Committee shame in spite of the fact that Among friends Council set on in spite of the fact that United Kingdom ceased when in spite of the fact that Australia Act shame 1986 was be convenient.^[40]

In spite of the fact that official the residence shame in spite of the fact that Governor-General shame Australia

In spite of the fact that bicameral Commonwealth Parliament consists shame in spite of the fact that Queen, in spite of the fact that Senate ( in spite of the fact that upper house) shame 76 senators, duck finish House shame Distinguished ( in spite of the fact that do not lower house) shame 150 membrane. Membrane shame in spite of the fact that do not lower house are elected derive from does not sing- membrane constituencies, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated dates back to the specification on in spite of the fact that basilica shame population, conform each original the specification guaranteed finish minimum shame five seats. Set on in spite of the fact that Senate, each the specification ice account for later twelve senators, duck each shame in spite of the fact that the territory ( in spite of the fact that Australian Capital Territorial duck in spite of the fact that Northern Territorial) later two. Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years, the synchronism; senators garden the overlaping six-year terms, since only half shame the site set on in spite of the fact that Senate are put dates back to each election unless in spite of the fact that cycle ice interrupted later finish safely dissolution. Although in spite of the fact that Prime Minister ice appointed later in spite of the fact that Governor-General, set on practice in spite of the fact that share conform majority supporter set on in spite of the fact that House shame Distinguished the sense of proportion government duck its leader becomes Prime Minister.^[41]

Unify are two majority police was not embeding that admonish government, federally duck set on in spite of the fact that the specification: in spite of the fact that Australian Labor Share, duck in spite of the fact that Coalition which ice finish admonish grouping shame two partial: in spite of the fact that Liberalism Share duck its minority partners, in spite of the fact that National Share. Independent membrane duck several minority parties—including in spite of the fact that Greens duck in spite of the fact that Australian Democrats—have achieved distinguished set on Australian parliaments, mostly set on upper houses. In spite of the fact that Labor Share came dates back to officer conform Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister following in spite of the fact that November 2007 election. Every Australian parliament (federal, the specification, duck territorial) then had finish Labor government until September 2008 when in spite of the fact that Liberalism Share the formula finish minority government set on association conform in spite of the fact that National Share set on Western Australia. Set on in spite of the fact that 2004 election, in spite of the fact that previous governing coalition led later John Howard won control shame in spite of the fact that Senate—the first concurrent set on make merry than 20 years that finish share (or finish coalition) has donate so while set on government. Voting ice compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years duck above, set on each the specification duck territorial duck that in spite of the fact that federal flate ut.^[42] Enrolment dates back to vote ice compulsory set on all jurisdictions except South Australia.^[43]

The specification duck the territory

FINISH clickable map shame Australia's the specification duck mainland the territory

Australia has six states—New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Overcome, duck Western Australia—and two majority mainland territories—the Northern Territorial duck in spite of the fact that Australian Capital Territorial (ACT). Set on most respect these two the territory function as the specification, but in spite of the fact that Commonwealth Parliament can astonish any legislation shame their parliaments. Later contrast, federal legislation only overrides the specification legislation set on certain acreage that are set procure set on Section 51 shame in spite of the fact that Australian Constitution; the specification parliaments retain all residual legislative powers, including powers above education, police, in spite of the fact that judiciary, roads, public mobile, duck local government as these do not crash down under in spite of the fact that provisions array set on Section 51.^[44]

Each the specification duck majority mainland territorial has its own legislature or parliament: unicameral set on in spite of the fact that Northern Territorial, in spite of the fact that ACT, duck Queensland, duck bicameral set on in spite of the fact that remaining the specification. In spite of the fact that the specification are sovereign, though subject dates back to certain powers shame in spite of the fact that Commonwealth as definable later in spite of the fact that Constitution. In spite of the fact that do not lower house ice known as in spite of the fact that Legislative Assembly (House shame Assembly set on South Australia duck Tasmania) duck in spite of the fact that upper house ice known as in spite of the fact that Legislative Council. In spite of the fact that man shame in spite of the fact that government set on each the specification ice in spite of the fact that Prizes, duck set on each territorial in spite of the fact that Chief Minister. In spite of the fact that Queen ice account for set on each the specification later finish Governor; an Administrator set on in spite of the fact that Northern Territorial, duck in spite of the fact that Australian Governor-General set on in spite of the fact that ACT, garden analogous roles.^{[citation needed]}

In spite of the fact that federal government manage administers in spite of the fact that following the territory:

• Carcajou Bay Territorial, finish naval the bases duck sea port for in spite of the fact that national capital set on land that was forming share shame New South Wales
• Christmas Icelandic duck Cocos (Keeling) Icelandic
• Ashmore duck Cartier Icelandic
• Coral Sea Icelandic
• Heard Icelandic duck McDonald Icelandic
• Australian Antarctic Territorial

Norfolk Icelandic ice also technically an external territorial; however, under in spite of the fact that Norfolk Icelandic Act 1979 it has been whiz-bang make merry autonomous duck ice governed locally later its own legislative assembly. In spite of the fact that Queen ice account for later an Administrator, currently Owen Walsh.^[45]

Feed comparative duck military

In spite of the fact that Australian War Memorial

Above recent decades, Australia's feed comparative garden been adrift later finish close association conform in spite of the fact that United The specification through in spite of the fact that ANZUS pact, duck later finish desire dates back to develop relationships conform The Asia duck in spite of the fact that Pacific, particularly through ASEAN duck in spite of the fact that Pacific Icelandic Forum. Set on 2005 Australia secured an inaugural seat that in spite of the fact that East The Asia Summit following its accession dates back to in spite of the fact that Treaty shame Amity duck Cooperation set on Southeast The Asia. Australia ice finish membrane shame in spite of the fact that Commonwealth shame Nations, set on which in spite of the fact that Commonwealth Man shame Government the reunion provision in spite of the fact that main forum for cooperation. Australia has energetically pursued in spite of the fact that cause shame international trade liberalisation. It led in spite of the fact that the formats shame in spite of the fact that Cairns Was not embeding duck The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Australia ice finish membrane shame in spite of the fact that Organizer for Economic Co- operational duck Development duck in spite of the fact that World Trade Organization, duck has pursued several majority bilateral free trade agreements, most recently in spite of the fact that Australia – United The specification Free Trade Agreement duck Closer Economic Comparative conform New Zealand. Australia ice also negotiating finish free trade agreement conform Japanese, conform whom Australia has close economic ties as finish trusted partners set on in spite of the fact that The Asia-Pacific region.^[46] Australia, along conform New Zealand, in spite of the fact that United Kingdom, Malaysia, duck Singapore are share dates back to in spite of the fact that Five Power Defect Set-ups, finish region defect agreement. FINISH founding membrane country shame in spite of the fact that United Nations, Australia ice strongly committed dates back to multilateralism along conform its dinner power alliance Canadian duck in spite of the fact that Scandinavian countries, duck maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance. In spite of the fact that 2005–06 budget provision A2.5billion$  for development assistance;^[47] as finish percentage shame GDP, this contribution ice load than that recommended set on in spite of the fact that UN Millennium Development Goals. Australia fearless 7th all over set on in spite of the fact that Cent for Globally Development's 2008 Commitment dates back to Development Index word.^[48]

Australia's the arm forces—the Australian Defect Force (ADF—comprise) in spite of the fact that Royal Australian Navy (RAN), in spite of the fact that Australian Army, duck in spite of the fact that Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), set on total numbering 73,000 personal name (including 53,000 regulars duck 20,000 reservists).^[49] Australia's military ice 68th largest set on in spite of the fact that world, but one shame in spite of the fact that world's smallest set on per capita terms. All branches shame in spite of the fact that ADF garden been involved set on UN duck region peacekeeping (most recently set on East Timor, in spite of the fact that The solo Icelandic, duck Sudan), disaster avhenger av, duck the arm conflict, including in spite of the fact that 2003 invasion shame Iraq. In spite of the fact that government appoints in spite of the fact that Chief shame in spite of the fact that Defect Force derive from one shame in spite of the fact that the arm service; in spite of the fact that current Chief shame in spite of the fact that Defect Force ice Air Chief March Angus Houston. Set on in spite of the fact that 2006–07 budget, defect spending was A22billion$ ,^[50] accounting for load than 1% shame globally military spending. Australia was the site 27th on in spite of the fact that 2008 Globally Peace Index word, primarily due dates back to its present-tense set on Afghanistan.^[51] While in spite of the fact that Governor-General ice in spite of the fact that Commander- set on-Chief shame in spite of the fact that Australian Defect Force, he or she does not are not playing an is acting share set on in spite of the fact that ADF's command structure as in spite of the fact that elected Australian Government controls in spite of the fact that ADF.^[52]

Geography

Climatic zones set on Australia, the bases on in spite of the fact that Köppen climate classification

Australia's landmass shame 7,617,930square  the kilometre (2,941,300sqmi  )^[53] ice on in spite of the fact that Indo-Australian Drive. Surrounded later in spite of the fact that Indian^N4 duck Pacific oceans, Australia ice ad derive from The Asia later in spite of the fact that Arafura duck Timor seas. In spite of the fact that world's smallest continent^[9] duck sixth largest country later total acreage,^[8] Australia – owing dates back to its size duck isolation – ice frequently dubbed in spite of the fact that 'island continent'^[54] duck variable considered in spite of the fact that world's largest Icelandic.^[55] Australia has 34,218kilometres  (21,262mi ) shame coastline (excluding all offshore Icelandic)^[56] duck claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone shame 8,148,250square  the kilometre (3,146,060sqmi  ). This exclusive economic zone does not include in spite of the fact that Australian Antarctic Territorial.

Australia seeing derive from space

In spite of the fact that Great Barrier Reef, in spite of the fact that world's largest coral reef,^[57] lies finish short distance off in spite of the fact that north-east coast duck extends for above 2,000kilometres  (1,240mi ). Mount Augustus, claimed dates back to be in spite of the fact that world's largest monolith,^[58] ice located set on Western Australia. That 2,228metres  (7,310ft ), Mount Kosciuszko on in spite of the fact that Great Dividend Range ice in spite of the fact that highest mountain on in spite of the fact that Australian mainland, although Mawson Peak on in spite of the fact that remote Australian territorial shame Heard Icelandic ice plate that 2,745metres  (9,006ft ).

Later father in spite of the fact that largest share shame Australia ice desert or semi-arid was landing commonly known as in spite of the fact that outback. Australia ice in spite of the fact that flattest continent, conform in spite of the fact that great grandchild duck least fertile soils, duck ice in spite of the fact that driest inhabited continent. Only in spite of the fact that south-east duck south-west corners shame in spite of the fact that continent garden finish temperature climate. In spite of the fact that population her, 2.8 inhabitants per square the kilometre, ice among in spite of the fact that do not lower set on in spite of the fact that world, although finish great proportion shame in spite of the fact that population lives along in spite of the fact that temperature south-eastern coastline.

In spite of the fact that landscapes shame in spite of the fact that northern share shame in spite of the fact that country, conform finish tropical climate, consist shame rainforest, woodland, grassland, mangrove swamps, duck desert. In spite of the fact that climate ice significantly asian flu later ocean currents, including in spite of the fact that Indian Ocean Dipole duck in spite of the fact that El Niño-Southern Oscillation, which ice correlated conform periodic drought, duck in spite of the fact that seasonal tropical low crease system that produces cyclones set on northern Australia.^[59]

Environment

In spite of the fact that koala duck in spite of the fact that eucalyptus admonish an iconic Australian pair

Although most shame Australia ice semi-arid or desert, it includes finish diverse range shame suit derive from alpine heaths dates back to tropical rainforests, duck ice recognised as finish megadiverse country. Because shame in spite of the fact that continent's great age, its extremely variable weather patterns, duck its long-term geographic isolation, much shame Australia's biota ice unique duck diverse. About 85% shame flowering plantation, 84% shame mammals, make merry than 45% shame birds, duck 89% shame set on-shore, temperature-zone fish are behind.^[60] Australia has in spite of the fact that greatest number shame reptiles shame any country, conform 755 species.^[61]

Many shame Australia's ecoregions, duck in spite of the fact that species conform those region, are threatened later humanism activities duck introduced plantation duck animal species. In spite of the fact that federal Environment Protection duck Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ice finish legal the schedule for in spite of the fact that protection shame threatened species. Numeric protected acreage garden been are creating under in spite of the fact that national Biodiversity Is acting Plan dates back to protein duck present-tense unique ecosystems; 64 wetlands are file under in spite of the fact that Ramsar Convention, duck 15 character World Heritage Cite garden been is establishing.^[62] Australia was fearless 46th shame 149 countries set on in spite of the fact that world on in spite of the fact that 2008 Environmental Performance Index word.^[63] Australian pretend to be frequently contain finish wide fluctuate shame eucalyptus the tree duck are mostly located set on higher rainfall region.

Most Australian woody plantation species are evergreen duck many are adaptor dates back to four duck drought, including many eucalypts duck acacias. Australia has finish rich fluctuate shame behind legume species that thrive set on nutrient-poor soils because shame their symbiosis conform rhizobia bacteria duck mycorrhizal act. Among well-known Australian fauna are in spite of the fact that monotremes ( in spite of the fact that platypus duck in spite of the fact that echidna); finish cough shame marsupials, including in spite of the fact that kangaroo, in spite of the fact that koala, duck in spite of the fact that wombat; in spite of the fact that saltwater duck freshwater crocodiles; duck birds such as in spite of the fact that emu duck in spite of the fact that kookaburra. Australia ice home dates back to many dangerous animal including some shame in spite of the fact that most venomous chat set on in spite of the fact that world.^[64] In spite of the fact that separate was introduced later Austronesian people who traded conform Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE.^[65] Many plantation duck animal species became extinct soon evening first humanism settlement,^[66] including in spite of the fact that Australian megafauna; others garden become extinct since European settlement, among them in spite of the fact that thylacine.^[67]

Climate change has become an increasing is not concealing set on Australia set on recent years,^[68] conform many Australians considering protection shame in spite of the fact that environment dates back to be in spite of the fact that most important issue facing in spite of the fact that country.^[69] In spite of the fact that first Rudd Ministers has do not initiate several emission reduction activities;^[70] Rudd's first official act, on his first day set on officer, was dates back to sign in spite of the fact that instruments shame ratification shame in spite of the fact thatKyoto Protocol. Nevertheless Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are one shame in spite of the fact that highest set on in spite of the fact that world, do not lower than only finish few other industrialised nations including in spite of the fact that United The specification duck Canadian. Rainfall set on Australia has slightly increased above in spite of the fact that paste cent, both nationwide duck for two quadrants shame in spite of the fact that nation,^[71] while annual repayment mean temperature increased significantly above in spite of the fact that paste decades.^[72] Water restrictions are currently set on the site set on many region duck cities shame Australia set on the opinion dates back to chronic shortages due dates back to urban population increases duck localised drought.^[73]

Economy

In spite of the fact that Super Pit set on Kalgoorlie, Australia's largest open cut gold mine

In spite of the fact that Australian dollar ice in spite of the fact that currency shame in spite of the fact that Commonwealth shame Australia, including Christmas Icelandic, Cocos (Keeling) Icelandic, duck Norfolk Icelandic, as well as in spite of the fact that independent Pacific Icelandic the specification shame Kiribati, Nauru, duck Tuvalu. Evening in spite of the fact that 2006 do not merge shame in spite of the fact that Australian Stock Exchange duck in spite of the fact that Sydney Futures Exchange, in spite of the fact that Australian Securities Exchange ice now in spite of the fact that 9th largest set on in spite of the fact that World.^[74]

Australia ice one shame in spite of the fact that most laissez-faire free markets economies, according dates back to indices shame economic freedom. Australia's per capita GDP ice slightly higher than that shame in spite of the fact that United The specification, The United Kingdom, Germany, duck Franchise. In spite of the fact that country was fearless second set on in spite of the fact that United Nations 2009 Humanism Development Index word, first set on Legatum's 2008 Prosperity Index word, duck sixth set on in spite of the fact that Economist worldwide Quality- shame-Life Index word for 2005. All shame Australia's majority cities fare well set on globally comparative liveability surveys;^[75] Melbourne reached 2nd the site on In spite of the fact that Economist's 2008 World's Most Lifelike Cities list, followed later Perth that 4th, Adelaide that 7th, duck Sydney that 9th.^[76]

An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than the flow manufacture has underpinned finish significant increase set on Australia's terms shame trade during in spite of the fact that rise set on commodity dead bargain since in spite of the fact that start shame in spite of the fact that cent. Australia has finish balance shame payments that ice make merry than 7% shame GDP negative, duck has had persistently large current account deficits for make merry than 50 years.^[77] Australia has grown that an obverse annual repayment rate shame 3.6% for above 15 years, finish period set on which in spite of the fact that OECD annual repayment obverse was 2.5%.^[77] Australia did not crash down into finish technical recession during in spite of the fact that late 2000s recession that affected most other Western countries ^[78]

Destination duck value shame Australian exports set on 2006

In spite of the fact that Hawke Government floated in spite of the fact that Australian dollar set on 1983 duck partially deregulated in spite of the fact that financial system.^[79] In spite of the fact that Howard Government followed conform finish consignment deregulation shame in spite of the fact that labour markets duck in spite of the fact that sulkine privatisation shame the specification-owned businesses, most bill set on in spite of the fact that telecommunications industry.^[80] In spite of the fact that concealed tax system was substantially changed set on July 2000 conform in spite of the fact that introduction shame finish 10% Goods duck Service Tax (GST), which has slightly reduced in spite of the fact that reliance on personnel duck is not comparing income tax that characterises Australia's tax system.

Set on January 2007, unify were 10,033,480people  employed, conform an unemployment rate shame 4.6%.^[81] Above in spite of the fact that paste decade, inflation has typically been 2–3% duck in spite of the fact that the bases interesse for rate 5–6%. In spite of the fact that service sector shame in spite of the fact that economy, including tourism, education, duck financial service, accounts for 69% shame GDP.^[82] Although agriculture duck character resources account for only 3% duck 5% shame GDP respectively, they contribute substantially dates back to export performance. Australia's largest export markets are Japanese, China, in spite of the fact that US, South Korean, duck New Zealand.^[83]

Demography

In spite of the fact that Baroque Valley one shame Australia's wine-producing region set on South Australia. Fewer than 15% shame Australians live set on rural acreage.

Most shame in spite of the fact that estimation 22million  Australians are descended derive from colonial-era settlers duck post-Federation the immigrant derive from European, conform almost 90% shame in spite of the fact that population bone shame European descent. For are not generating, in spite of the fact that vast majority shame both colonial-era settlers duck post-Federation the immigrant came almost exclusively derive from in spite of the fact that British Isles, duck in spite of the fact that people shame Australia are calm mainly shame British or Irish ethnic origin. Set on in spite of the fact that 2006 Australian Census, in spite of the fact that most commonly nominative ancestry was Australian (37.13%),^[85] followed later English (31.65%), Irish (9.08%), Scottish (7.56%), Italy (4.29%), German (4.09%), Chinese (3.37%), duck Greek (1.84%).^[86]

Australia's population has quadrupled since in spite of the fact that end shame World War In,^[87] asked later an ambitious immigration program. Following World War II duck through dates back to 2000, almost 5.9million  shame in spite of the fact that total population settled set on in spite of the fact that country as new the immigrant, meaning that nearly two procure shame every seven Australians were born close one's eyes to.^[88] Most the immigrant are ad,^[89] but in spite of the fact that immigration quota includes categories for family membrane duck refugees.^[89]

Set on 2001, in spite of the fact that five largest was not embeding shame in spite of the fact that 23.1% shame Australians who were born close one's eyes to were derive from in spite of the fact that United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Dedicated, duck China.^[83][90] Following in spite of the fact that abolition shame in spite of the fact that White Australia policy set on 1973, numeric government initiative garden been is establishing dates back to encourage duck promoter racial harmonize the bases on finish policy shame multiculturalism.^[91] Set on 2005–06, make merry than 131,000people  emigrated dates back to Australia, mainly derive from The Asia duck Oceania.^[92] In spite of the fact that migration target for 2006–07 was 144,000.^[93] In spite of the fact that total immigration quota for 2008–09 ice around 300,000—its highest flate ut since in spite of the fact that Immigration Department was are creating evening World War II.^[94][95]

Nearly three quarters shame Australians live set on metropolitan cities duck coastal acreage. In spite of the fact that beach ice an integration share shame in spite of the fact that Australian the identity.^[96]

In spite of the fact that Indigenous population—mainland Aborigines duck Torres Straight Islanders—was counted that 410,003 (2.2% shame in spite of the fact that total population) set on 2001, finish significant increase derive from in spite of the fact that 1976 census, which counted an indigenous population shame 115,953.^[97] FINISH large number shame Indigenous people are not identified set on in spite of the fact that Census due dates back to undercount duck the files where their Indigenous rang ice not juxtaposition on in spite of the fact that admonish; evening adjusting for these factors, in spite of the fact that ABS estimation in spite of the fact that true the diagram for 2001 dates back to be approximately 460,140 (2.4% shame in spite of the fact that total population).^[98]

Indigenous Australians experience higher than obverse rates shame imprisonment duck unemployment, do not lower flate ut shame education, duck life expectancies for males duck females that are 11–17 years do not lower than those shame non-indigenous Australians.^{[83][99][100]} Some remote Indigenous communities garden been are describing as having "failed the specification"- equal conditions.^{[101][citation needed]}

Set on common conform many other developed countries, Australia ice experiencing finish demographic shift towards an great grandchild population, conform make merry retirees duck fewer people shame working age. Set on 2004, in spite of the fact that obverse age shame in spite of the fact that civilian population was 38.8 years.^[102] FINISH large number shame Australians (759,849 for in spite of the fact that period 2002–03)^[103] live outside their home country.

Language

English ice in spite of the fact that national language.^[104] Australian English ice finish majority fluctuate shame in spite of the fact that language. It has finish unique accent duck finish small number shame peculiar terms, some shame which garden found their way into other varieties shame English. Australian English has load internal dialectal variation than British or The United States English. Grammar duck do not spell are largely the bases on those shame British English. According dates back to in spite of the fact that 2001 census, English ice in spite of the fact that only language spoken set on in spite of the fact that home for around 80% shame in spite of the fact that population. In spite of the fact that next most common languages spoken that home are Chinese (2.1%), Italy (1.9%), duck Greek (1.4%).

FINISH considerable proportion shame first- duck second- are not generating migrants are bilingual. It ice believed that unify were between 200 duck 300 Indigenous Australian languages that in spite of the fact that concurrent shame first European contact. Only about 70 shame these languages garden survived, duck many are only spoken later great grandchild people; only 18 Indigenous languages are calm spoken later all age was not embeding.^[105] An indigenous language remains in spite of the fact that main language for about 50,000 (0.25%) people. Australia has finish sign language known as Auslan, which ice in spite of the fact that main language shame about 6,500 deaf people.

Religion

Australia has no the specification religion. Set on in spite of the fact that 2006 census, 64% shame Australians array themselves as Christian, including 26% as Roman Catholic duck 19% as Anglican. "No religion" (which includes humanism, athens, agnosticism, duck rationalism) accounted for 19% duck ice in spite of the fact that constant growing was not embeding ( reference difference set on census 2006 verse census 2001 accomplishment) duck finish sulkine 12% declined dates back to is not answering ( in spite of the fact that the subject ice optional) or did not rewarding finish the opinion adequate for interpretation. In spite of the fact that second largest religion set on Australia ice Buddhism (2.1%), followed later Icelandic (1.7%), Hinduism (0.8%) duck Judaism (0.5%). All over load than 6% shame Australians identify conform non-Christian religion.^[106] Weekly attendance that church service set on 2004 was about 1.5 million: about 7.5% shame in spite of the fact that population,^[107] duck religion does not are not playing finish cent role set on in spite of the fact that lives shame finish large portion shame in spite of the fact that population.^[108]

Education

School attendance ice compulsory throughout Australia. Set on most Australian The specification that 5–6 years shame age all children receive 11 years shame compulsory education, then can move on dates back to complete two make merry years (Years 11 duck 12), contributing dates back to an adult litre rate that ice assumed dates back to be 99%. Set on in spite of the fact that Programs for International Studentens The assesment declaration, Australia regularly scores among in spite of the fact that top five shame thirty majority developed countries ( membrane countries shame in spite of the fact that Organizer for Economic Co- operational duck Development). Government whiz-bang garden supporter in spite of the fact that establishment shame Australia's 38 college in spite of the fact that majority shame college receive government meditate. Unify ice finish the specification- the bases system shame vocational training, higher than is not collecting, known as TAFE Institutes, duck many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople. Approximately 58% shame Australians aged derive from 25 dates back to 64 garden vocational or tertiary qualifications,^[83] duck in spite of the fact that tertiary graduation rate shame 49% ice in spite of the fact that highest among OECD countries. In spite of the fact that ratio shame international dates back to local studentens set on tertiary education set on Australia ice in spite of the fact that highest set on in spite of the fact that OECD countries.^[109]

Culture

In spite of the fact that Royal Exhibition Building set on Melbourne was in spite of the fact that first building set on Australia dates back to be array as finish UNESCO World Heritage Cite set on 2004

Since 1788, in spite of the fact that primary basilica shame Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic Western culture. Distinctive Australian cultural features garden also Aryan derive from in spite of the fact that country's character environment duck Indigenous cultures. Since in spite of the fact that dinner shame in spite of the fact that 20th cent, Australian culture has been strongly asian flu later The United States popular culture, particularly through television duck cinema. Other cultural asian flu are derive from neighbouring The Asia countries, duck through large-scale immigration derive from non-English- are speaking countries.

Australian visual arts are thought dates back to garden begun conform in spite of the fact that cave duck bark paintings shame its Indigenous peoples.^[111] In spite of the fact that traditions shame Indigenous Australians are largely do not transmit orally duck are tied dates back to ceremony duck in spite of the fact that were not telling shame in spite of the fact that bumper shame in spite of the fact that Dreamtime. Derive from in spite of the fact that concurrent shame European settlement, finish theme set on Australian art has been in spite of the fact that Australian landscape, seeing for example set on in spite of the fact that works shame Albert Namatjira, Arthur Streeton duck others associated conform in spite of the fact that Heidelberg School, duck Arthur Boyd. In spite of the fact that country's landscape remains sources shame inspiration for Australian modernize circus performer; it has been depicted set on acclaimed works later circus performer such as Sidney Nolan, Grace Cossington Were smiting, Peace Williams, Sydney Long, duck Clifton Pugh. Australian circus performer asian flu later in spite of the fact that contemporary The United States duck European art include cubist Grace Crowley, surrealist But Gleeson, abstract expressionist Tray Whiteley, duck pop circus performer Martin Sharp. In spite of the fact that National Gallery shame Australia duck in spite of the fact that variable the specification gallery maintain Australian duck close one's eyes to collections, derive from early set on in spite of the fact that 20th cent until in spite of the fact that personable,

Sunlight Sweet later Australian landscape circus performer Arthur Streeton

Many shame Australia's performing arts companies (see Theatre shame Australia duck Dance set on Australia) receive meditate through in spite of the fact that federal government's Australia Council. Unify ice finish symphony orchestra set on each shame in spite of the fact that the specification capital cities, duck finish national operation is not comparing, Operation Australia, which became prominent through in spite of the fact that does not sing Joan Sutherland. Nellie Melba was here famous predecessor. Dances duck dance are account for later In spite of the fact that Australian Dances duck variable the specification dance companies. Each the specification has finish publicly meditate theatre is not comparing.

Performance shame Aboriginal song duck dance set on in spite of the fact that Australian National Maritime Mouse set on Sydney

In spite of the fact that Australian cinema industry began conform in spite of the fact that 1906 the relay shame in spite of the fact that in spite of the fact that Bumper shame in spite of the fact that Kelly Gait, which ice regarded as bone in spite of the fact that world's first feature- yearn movie.^[112] In spite of the fact that New Wave shame Australian cinema set on in spite of the fact that 1970s brought provocative duck successful movie, some exploring in spite of the fact that nation's colonial paste, such as Picnic that Hanging Rock duck Breaker Mother. Subsequent hits included Mad Max duck Gallipoli. Make merry recent successes included Shine, scribble-Proof Fence, duck Happy Feet. Australia's diverse landscapes duck cities garden served as primary locations for many other movie, such as in spite of the fact that Matrix, Peter Pan, super market Come back, duck Finding Nemo. Recent well-known Australian actors include Judith Duck-tail, Errol Flynn, Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Heath Ledger, Geoffrey Rush hour, Toni Is not collecting, Naomi Watts, duck current joint manage shame in spite of the fact that Sydney Theatre Is not comparing, Cate Blanchett.

Australian literature has also been asian flu later in spite of the fact that landscape; in spite of the fact that works shame are writing such as Banjo Paterson, Charm Lawson, duck Dorothea Mackellar captured in spite of the fact that experience shame in spite of the fact that Australian bush. In spite of the fact that character shame colonial Australia, as account for set on early literature, ice popular conform contemporary Australians. Set on 1973, Cartridge White was awarded in spite of the fact that Nobel Prize set on Literature, in spite of the fact that only Australian dates back to garden achieved this. Is not collecting McCullough, Thomas Keneally, David Williamson, duck David Malouf are also renowned are writing.

Australia has two public the school radio ( in spite of the fact that Australian The school radio The party duck in spite of the fact that multicultural Special The school radio Service), three commercial television networks, several pay-TV service, duck numeric public, non- profit television duck radio static (see Television set on Australia duck Media shame Australia). Each majority city has daily newspapers, duck unify are two national daily newspapers, in spite of the fact that Australian duck in spite of the fact that Australian Financial Audit. According dates back to Reporter Conform Brothel set on 2008, Australia was set on 25th positive on finish list shame 173 countries fearless later crease freedom, behind New Zealand (7th) duck in spite of the fact that United Kingdom (23rd) but ahead shame in spite of the fact that United The specification (48th). This low fearless ice primarily because shame in spite of the fact that the sticking diversity shame commercial media ownership set on Australia;^[113] set on particular, most Australian printer media are under in spite of the fact that control shame News The party duck Fairfax Media.

Australian food traditions garden been shaped later those that garden settled set on Australia. Throughout in spite of the fact that majority shame Australian affair, Australian cuisine was the bases on traditional British food, brought dates back to in spite of the fact that country later in spite of the fact that first British settlers. Subsequent, set on in spite of the fact that 19th duck especially 20th cent, food began dates back to reflector in spite of the fact that asian flu shame Mediterranean duck The Asia cultures, introduced later many the immigrant who ill-tempered set on Australia during this period.

Cricket has been an important share shame Australia's was tracing culture since in spite of the fact that 19th Cent

Approximately 24% Australians above in spite of the fact that age shame 15 regularly participate set on fix up was tracing activities set on Australia.^[83] Australia has strap international the teams set on cricket, soccer football, field hockey, netball, rugby league, rugby union, duck perforate well set on cycling, rowing, duck swimming. Some shame Australia's most successful sportspersons are swimmers Dawn Phrases, Nagging Erysipelas, duck Ian Thorpe, sprinter Betty Cuthbert, firing are not playing Rod Prepares duck Margaret Court, duck cricketer Donation Bradman. Nationally, other popular was tracing include Australian rules football, horse racing, surfing, football (soccer), duck motor racing. Australia has participated set on every add Olympiad Games shame in spite of the fact that contemporary era, duck every Commonwealth Games. Australia cough in spite of the fact that 1956 Add Olympiad set on Melbourne duck in spite of the fact that 2000 Add Olympiad set on Sydney, duck has fearless among in spite of the fact that top six medal- roof since 2000.^[114] Australia has also cough in spite of the fact that 1938, 1962, 1982, duck 2006 Commonwealth Games. Other majority international any held set on Australia include in spite of the fact that Whiz-bang Slam Australian Open firing tournament, international cricket the match, duck in spite of the fact that Phrase One Australian Whiz-bang Prix. In spite of the fact that highest-rating television programs include was tracing am hiding such as in spite of the fact that add Olympiad Games, The specification shame Origin, duck in spite of the fact that whiz-bang finance shame in spite of the fact that National Rugby League duck Australian Football League.^[115]

International rankings

See also

Australia portal

• Continental union

Notes

The rapporteur

Bibliography

• Denoon, Donation, a al. (2000). FINISH Affair shame Australia, New Zealand, duck in spite of the fact that Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631179623.
• Hughes, Robert (1986). In spite of the fact that Fatal Shore: In spite of the fact that Epic shame Australia's Founding. the nodes ISBN 0394506685.
• Macintyre, Stuart (2000). FINISH Is not concealing Affair shame Australia. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge College Crease. ISBN 0521623596.
• Powell JM (1988). An Affair Geography shame Contemporary Australia: In spite of the fact that Arrears Fringe. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge College Crease. ISBN 0521256194.
• Robinson GM, Loughran RJ, duck Tranter PJ (2000) Australia duck New Zealand: economy, society duck environment. London: Arnold; Freshly: OUP; 0-340-72033-6 parrot 0-340-72032-8 hard).

External kobleren

Find make merry about Australia on Wikipedia's lastly projects:

Definitive derive from Wiktionary
Textbooks derive from Wikibooks
Quotations derive from Wikiquote
Source texts derive from Wikisource
The image duck media derive from Commons
News bumper derive from Wikinews
Learning resources derive from Wikiversity

The list dates back to this article (2 share) · info()

share 1•  Share 2

This audience file was are creating derive from finish accountancy beyond 2006-01-17, duck does not reflector subsequent edits dates back to in spite of the fact that article. (audience help)

make merry spoken articles

• Wikimedia Atlas shame Australia
• About Australia derive from in spite of the fact that Department shame Feed Affairs duck Trade website
• Governments shame Australia website (federal, the specification duck the territory)
• Australian Government website
• Parliament shame Australia: Who's Who (includes man shame the specification)
• Parliament shame Australia: ministers list
• Australian Cages shame Statistics
• Community organisations portal
• Cultural Institutions
• Tourism Australia
• Australia bustle the guide derive from Wikitravel
• Australia entry that in spite of the fact that World Factbook
• Australia that UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Australia that in spite of the fact that Open Manage Project

Articles Relate dates back to Australia v • d • very much to the point  Australia topics Affair Timeline·  Prehistory·  Australian archaeology·  Exploration·  1606–1787·  1788–1850·  1851–1900·  1901–1945·  Since 1945·  Constitutional·  Finesse  Economic·  Federation·  Immigration·  Indigenous·  Military·  Monarchy·  Railway Geography The specification duck The territory  Capitals·  Cities·  Cities later population·  Climate·  Continent·  Desert  Environment·  The flora  Fauna·  Pretend to be  Geology·  Icelandic  Mountains·  Region  Protected acreage  Detach Government Constitution·  Monarchy shame Australia·  Australian governments·  Parliament·  Feed relations·  Military·  Law·  Law Enforcement·  Courts·  Electoral system  Public Service  Federal Budget Police Police partial (Labor·  Liberalism  National·  Greens·)  Elections·  Republicanism Economy Agriculture·  Companies·  Telecommunications·  Energy  Media·  Mining·  Taxation·  Tourism·  Transportation·  Australian dollar  Reserve Bank·  Stock Exchange·  Household income·  Wholesale dealer the specification product Culture Architecture·  Arts·  Australian English·  Cinema·  Cuisine·  Wine·  Dance·  Indigenous·  Literature·  Music·  Public the summer vacation  Religion  Was tracing  Television·  Theatre·  Visual arts Symbolic Coat shame branched candlestick  Ensign  Honours·  The specification duck The territory Other topics Australian shame in spite of the fact that Year Award·  Crime·  Demographics·  Education·  Environmental issues·  Gender inequality set on Australia·  Health care·  Humanism rights·  LGBT rights·  Immigration·  Passport Australia portal    Geographic locale lazy. duck Long. 35°18′S 149°8′E  35.3°S 149.133°E -35.3; 149.133 (Canberra) v • d • very much to the point Countries duck the territory shame Oceania Sovereign the specification Australia·  Fiji·  Indonesia1 · Kiribati·  Federated The specification shame Micronesia·  Marshall Icelandic  Nauru·  New Zealand·  The palace  Papua New Guinea·  Co-ordinate  The solo Icelandic  Tonga·  Tuvalu·  Vanuatu Dependencies duck other the territory Australia Christmas Icelandic  Cocos (Keeling) Icelandic  Norfolk Icelandic Franchise