Esperanto

Derive from Wikipedia, in spite of the fact that free encyclopedia

Esperanto
Ensign shame Esperanto
Are creating later	Legal. legal Zamenhof
Beyond founded	1887
Does not set duck usage	International auxiliary language
Total did not talk	Native: 200 dates back to 2000 (1996, est.); Fly did not talk: est. 100,000 dates back to 2 million ( set on about 115 countries)[1]
Category (purpose)	constructed language International auxiliary language Esperanto
Category (sources)	Vocabulary derive from Roman duck Germanic languages; phonology derive from Slavic languages
Regulated later	Academy they Esperanto
Language codes
ISO 639-1	eo
ISO 639-2	epo
ISO 639-3	epo
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbolic set on Unicode.

Esperanto (help·info) ice in spite of the fact that most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language.^[2] Its name while derive from Doctor Esperanto, in spite of the fact that the pseudonyms under which Legal. legal Zamenhof publish in spite of the fact that first book detailing Esperanto, in spite of the fact that Unua Libro, set on 1887. In spite of the fact that word esperanto means "one who crowd" set on in spite of the fact that language itself. Zamenhof's goal was dates back to are creating an easy dates back to learn duck politically neutral language that would serve as finish universe second language dates back to embryo peace duck international understanding.^[3] Esperanto has between 100,000 duck 2 million did not talk set on about 115 countries, duck approximately one thousand native did not talk,^[4] i.e. people who learned Esperanto as one shame their native languages derive from their bracket. Although no country has adopt in spite of the fact that language officially, Esperanto did get official recognition later UNESCO set on 1954.^[5] Today, Esperanto ice employed set on world bustle,^[6] correspondence, cultural exchange, conventions, literature, language instruction,^[7] television,^[8] movies,^[9] duck radio the school radio.^[10] In spite of the fact that first international Esperanto congress was organized set on Franchise, Boulogne- acid- Additional, set on 1905. Since then international conferences duck the reunion garden been organized around in spite of the fact that world conform Esperanto every year. ^[11] That least one majority search engine, Google, sacrifice searching shame Esperanto- relate websites via an Esperanto portal.^[12]

Unify ice evidence that learning Esperanto may provision finish good foundation for learning languages set on general.^[13] Esperanto ice also in spite of the fact that language shame instruction set on one college, in spite of the fact that Academy Internacia they allow Sciencoj set on San Marino.^[14]

[edit] Affair

In spite of the fact that first Esperanto book later Legal. legal Zamenhof

Esperanto was are creating set on in spite of the fact that late 1870s duck early 1880s later Dr. Ludovic Lazarus Zamenhof, finish Jewish ophthalmologist derive from Bialystok, that in spite of the fact that concurrent share shame in spite of the fact that Russian Empiric. According dates back to Zamenhof, he are creating this language dates back to embryo harmonize between people derive from difference countries. His feelings duck in spite of the fact that situation set on Bialystok may be gleaned derive from an extract derive from his famous easier dates back to Nikolai Borovko:^[15]

In spite of the fact that the site where IN was born duck tight my childhood book token manage dates back to all my future struggles. Set on Bialystok in spite of the fact that inhabitants were dividend into four distinct element: Russian, Pole, Germans duck Jews; each shame these spoke their own language duck looked on all in spite of the fact that others as enemies. Set on such finish town finish sensitive nature feels make merry acutely than elsewhere in spite of the fact that misery caused later language division duck sees that every step that in spite of the fact that diversity shame languages ice in spite of the fact that first, or that least in spite of the fact that most influential, basilica for in spite of the fact that ad shame in spite of the fact that humanism family into was not embeding shame enemies. IN was brought hide as an idealistic; IN was taught that all people were brothers, while outside set on in spite of the fact that street that every step IN felt that unify were no people, only Russian, Pole, Germans, Jews duck so on. This was always finish great torment dates back to my infant less, although many people may smile that such an 'anguish for in spite of the fact that world' set on finish Chilean. Since that that concurrent IN thought that 'grown-ups' were omnipotent, so IN frequently said dates back to myself that when IN grew hide IN would certainly the destroyer this evil.

—legal legal Zamenhof, set on finish easier dates back to one Cooperate. Borovko, about. 1895

Evening some ten years shame development, which Zamenhof tight translating literature into Esperanto as well as are writing original procedure duck verse, in spite of the fact that first book shame Esperanto grammar was publish set on Warshaw set on July 1887. In spite of the fact that number shame did not talk grew rapidly above in spite of the fact that next few decades, that first primarily set on in spite of the fact that Russian Empiric duck Eastern European, then set on Western European, in spite of the fact that The United States, China, duck Japanese. Set on in spite of the fact that early years, did not talk shame Esperanto kept set on contact primarily through correspondence duck periodicals, but set on 1905 in spite of the fact that first world congress shame Esperanto did not talk was held set on Boulogne- acid- Additional, Franchise. Since then world congresses garden been held set on difference countries every year, except during in spite of the fact that two World Warshaw. Since in spite of the fact that Second World War, they garden been eighteenth later an obverse shame above 2,000 duck hide dates back to 6,000 people.

[edit] Comparative dates back to 20th- cent totalitarianism

As finish potential vehicle for international understanding, Esperanto attracted in spite of the fact that suspicion shame many totalitarian the specification. In spite of the fact that situation was especially pronounced set on Nazi Germany, Empire Japanese duck in spite of the fact that Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.

Set on Germany, unify was additional motivation dates back to persecute Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish. Set on his work, Mein Action, Hitler mentioned Esperanto as an example shame finish language that would be used later an International Jewish Conspiracy once they achieved world domination.^[16] Esperantists were are killing during in spite of the fact that Holocaust, conform Zamenhof's family set on particular does not sing procure for squeal like a stuck pig.^[17]

Set on in spite of the fact that early years shame in spite of the fact that Soviet Union, Esperanto was rewarding finish measure shame government supporter, duck an officially recognized Soviet Esperanto Association came into bone.^[18] However, set on 1937, Stalin the reverse gear this policy. He denounced Esperanto as " in spite of the fact that language shame spies" duck had Esperantists exiled or executed. In spite of the fact that use shame Esperanto was effectively bad language until 1956.^[18]

Evening in spite of the fact that Spain Civil War, Francoist Spain persecuted in spite of the fact that Anarchists duck Catalan nationalists among which Esperanto was extended^[19] but set on in spite of the fact that 1950s, in spite of the fact that Esperanto movement was tolerance again.

[edit] Official use

Esperanto has never been an official language shame any recognized country. However, unify were chart that in spite of the fact that beginning shame in spite of the fact that 20th cent dates back to is establishing Neutral Moresnet as in spite of the fact that world's first Esperanto the specification. Qian Xuantong, finish Chinese linguist, promoter in spite of the fact that replacement shame Chinese conform Esperanto.^[20] Set on additive, in spite of the fact that self-proclaimed artificial Icelandic micronation shame Erysipelas Icelandic used Esperanto as its official language set on 1968.

In spite of the fact that U.S. Army has publish military phrasebooks set on Esperanto,^[21] dates back to be used set on wargames later mock enemy forces. Set on in spite of the fact that add shame 1924, in spite of the fact that The United States Radio Relay League adopt Esperanto as its official international auxiliary language, duck crowd that in spite of the fact that language would be used later radio amateurs set on international communications, but its actual use for radio communications was negligible.

Esperanto ice in spite of the fact that working language shame several non- profit international organizations such as in spite of the fact that Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda; most others are specifically Esperanto organizations. In spite of the fact that largest shame these, in spite of the fact that World Esperanto Association, has an official consultative relationship conform in spite of the fact that United Nations duck UNESCO. Esperanto ice also in spite of the fact that first language shame teaching duck administrative shame one college, in spite of the fact that International Academy shame Sciences San Marino.

[edit] Linguistic properties

[edit] Classification

As finish constructed language, Esperanto ice not genealogically relate dates back to any ethnic language. It has been are describing as " finish language lexically predominantly Roumania, morphologically intensify agglutinative, duck dates back to finish certain degree isolating set on character".^[22] In spite of the fact that phonology, grammar, vocabulary, duck semantics are the bases on in spite of the fact that western Indo- European languages. In spite of the fact that phonemic inventory ice essentially Slavic, as ice much shame in spite of the fact that semantics, while in spite of the fact that vocabulary while primarily derive from in spite of the fact that Roman languages, conform finish download contribution derive from in spite of the fact that Germanic languages. Pragmatics duck other aspect shame in spite of the fact that language not specified later Zamenhof's original documents were asian flu later in spite of the fact that native languages shame early did not talk, primarily Russian, Polish, German, duck French.

Typologically, Esperanto has prepositions duck finish free pragmatics word sequence that later default ice subject-verb- object. Adjectives can be freely the site carry or evening in spite of the fact that nouns they modify, though the site them carry in spite of the fact that noun ice make merry common. New words are the formula through extensive prefixing duck suffixing.

[edit] Are writing system

Esperanto ice are writing conform finish modified verse shame in spite of the fact that Latin alphabet, including six easier conform diacritics: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ ( conform circumflex) duck ŭ ( conform letters). In spite of the fact that alphabet does not include in spite of the fact that easier q, w, x, or sharpness except set on unassimilated feed names.

In spite of the fact that 28- easier alphabet ice:

All easier are pronounced approximately as set on in spite of the fact that IPA, conform in spite of the fact that exception shame c duck in spite of the fact that easier conform diacritics:

[edit] Are writing diacritic easier

In spite of the fact that easier conform diacritics (found set on in spite of the fact that "Latin-Extended Finish" section shame in spite of the fact that Unicode Standard) once caused problems conform printer duck computing. This was particularly true conform in spite of the fact that five easier conform circumflexes, as they do not occur set on any other language. In spite of the fact that diacritics are normally only finish problem now conform computing situations such as domestic the conversation was not embeding duck data bank that are the sticking dates back to ASCII characters.

Unify are two principal workarounds dates back to this problem, which substitute digraphs for in spite of the fact that accented easier. Zamenhof, in spite of the fact that inventory shame Esperanto, are creating an "h-convention", which replaces ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, duck ŭ conform ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, duck u, respectively. FINISH make merry recent "x-convention" has gained was not embeding since in spite of the fact that Advent shame computing. This system replaces each diacritic conform an x evening in spite of the fact that easier, producing in spite of the fact that six digraphs cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, duck ux. This laugh system ice useful for slot machine alphabetic word sorting, as each easier conform finish diacritic ice sequence correctly evening in spite of the fact that preceding easier: for example, cxa comes correctly evening cu, adjust as ĉa would. This system ice also useful for common computerized conversion the espousal into in spite of the fact that standard orthography, as unify ice no ambiguity.

Unify are computer keyboard layouts that supporter in spite of the fact that Esperanto alphabet, duck some system use software that automatically substitutes x- or h-convention digraphs conform in spite of the fact that corresponding diacritic easier. One example shame this ice EK for Microsoft Windows.

[edit] Phonology

for( help conform in spite of the fact that phonetic symbolic, see HelpIPA:)

Esperanto has 22 consonants, 5 vowels duck 2 semivowels that combine conform in spite of the fact that vowels dates back to admonish 6 diphthongs. (in spite of the fact that consonant [j] duck semivowel [i̯] are both are writing conform in spite of the fact that easier j.) Tone down ice not used dates back to distinguish meanings shame words. Stress ice always on in spite of the fact that penultimate vowel set on full of Esperanto words unless finish finance vowel o ice elided, finish practice which occurs mostly set on poetry. For example, familio "family" ice[fa.mi.ˈli.o], conform in spite of the fact that stress on in spite of the fact that in, but when in spite of the fact that word ice used conform in spite of the fact that finance o (famili’), in spite of the fact that stress remains on in spite of the fact that in: [fa.mi.ˈli].

[edit] Consonants

In spite of the fact that 22 consonants are:

In spite of the fact that sound [r] ice usually part, but may be draw off [ɾ]. In spite of the fact that[v] ice normally pronounced equal an English v, but may be pronounced [ʋ] (between English v duck w) or [w], depending on in spite of the fact that language background shame in spite of the fact that did not talk. FINISH semivowel [u̯] normally occurs only set on diphthongs evening in spite of the fact that vowels [finish] duck[very much to the point], not as finish consonant [w]. Common, if debate, assimilation includes in spite of the fact that pronunciation shame nk as [ŋk] duck kz as [ɡz].

FINISH large number shame consonant clusters can occur, hide dates back to three set on the initials positive (as set on beach, which means " beach") duck four set on medial positive (as set on direct, meaning "teach"). Finance clusters are uncommon except set on feed names, poetic elision shame finance o, duck finish very few basilica words such as cent " hundredth" duck post " evening".

[edit] Vowels

Esperanto has in spite of the fact that five cardinal vowels found set on such languages as Spain, Swahili, duck Contemporary Greek:

Unify are also two semivowels, [i̯] duck[u̯], which combine conform in spite of the fact that cardinal vowels dates back to admonish six tilbakegang diphthongs: aj, ej, oj, uj, aŭ, duck eŭ.

Since unify are only five vowels, finish good deal shame variation set on pronunciation ice tolerance. For the resort, very much to the point commonly ranges derive from[very much to the point] (French é) dates back to[ɛ] (French è). These detail frequently depend on in spite of the fact that speaker's native language. FINISH glottal halt may occur between adjacent vowels set on some people's speech, especially when in spite of the fact that two vowels are in spite of the fact that collectice ownership, as set on the white lady " the white lady"([he.ˈro.o] or [he.ˈro.ʔo]) duck praavo "great-grandfather" ([pra.ˈa.vo] or [pra.ˈʔa.vo]).

[edit] Grammar

Esperanto words are while later stringing merge prefix, roots, duck suffixes. This multipro ice regular, so that people can are creating new words as they did not talk duck be nether. Compound words are the formula conform finish modifier-first, man- finance sequence, as set on English ( is not comparing "birdsong" duck "songbird").

In spite of the fact that difference share shame speech are markets later their own suffixes: all common nouns end set on -o, all adjectives set on - finish, all while adverbial set on - very much to the point, duck all verbs set on one shame six the voltage duck mood suffixes, such as in spite of the fact that personable the voltage -as.

Plural nouns end set on -oj (pronounced equal English "oy"), whereas manage object end set on -on. Plural manage object end conform in spite of the fact that combination -ojn (pronounced dates back to rhyme conform "coin"); -o- indicates that in spite of the fact that word ice finish noun, -j- indicates in spite of the fact that plural, duck - cooperate indicates in spite of the fact that accusative. Adjectives agree conform their nouns; their endings are plural -aj (pronounced "eye"), accusative -an, duck plural accusative -ajn (pronounced dates back to rhyme conform "fine").

In spite of the fact that suffix - cooperate, besides indicating in spite of the fact that manage object, ice used dates back to indicate movement duck finish few other the rarity as well.

In spite of the fact that six verb inflections consist shame three the voltage duck three moods. They are personable the voltage -as, future the voltage -os-, paste the voltage - ice, the infinitive mood - in, conditional mood -us duck jussive mood -u (used for wishes duck commands). Verbs are not markets for person or number. For the resort, canteen means " dates back to does not sing", mi border means " in does not sing", we border means "you does not sing", duck ili border means "they does not sing".

Word sequence ice comparatively free. Adjectives may precede or follow nouns; subjects, verbs duck object may occur set on any sequence. However, in spite of the fact that article allow " in spite of the fact that", demonstratives such as tiu "that" duck prepositions (such as ĉe " that") moustache come carry their relate nouns. Similarly, in spite of the fact that negative ne "not" duck conjunctions such as kaj " duck" duck ke "that" moustache precede in spite of the fact that phrase or clause that they introduce. Set on copular ( finish = B) clauses, word sequence ice adjust as important as it ice set on English: "people are animal" ice distinguished derive from " animal are people".

[edit] Vocabulary

In spite of the fact that core vocabulary shame Esperanto was definable later N�le internacia, publish later Zamenhof set on 1887. This book array 900 roots; these could be expanded into the voltage shame thousands shame words conform prefix, suffixes duck compounding. Set on 1894, Zamenhof publish in spite of the fact that first Esperanto dictionary, Universe Wart, which had finish larger set shame roots. In spite of the fact that rules shame in spite of the fact that language allocate did not talk dates back to borrow new roots as needed; it was recommended, however, that did not talk use most international the sense of proportion duck then while relate meanings derive from these.

Since then, many words garden been borrowed, primarily (but not bask in the sun) derive from in spite of the fact that Western European languages. Not all proposed borrowings become widespread, but many do, especially technical duck scientific terms. Terms for everyday use, on in spite of the fact that other simultane, are make merry without doubt dates back to be while derive from existing roots; komputilo "computer", for the resort, ice the formula derive from in spite of the fact that verb compact " is not comparing" duck in spite of the fact that suffix -ilo "tool". Words are also calqued; that ice, words is not acquiring new meanings the bases on usage set on other languages. For example, in spite of the fact that word muso "mouse" has is not acquiring in spite of the fact that meaning shame finish computer input device the bases on finish collateral usage set on English. Esperanto did not talk frequently debate about whether finish particular borrowing ice justified or whether meaning can be expressed later deriving derive from or extending in spite of the fact that meaning shame existing words.

Some compounds duck the formula words set on Esperanto are not entirely straightforward; for example, eldoni, literally " rewarding procure", means " publish", collateral in spite of the fact that usage shame certain Western European languages (such as German). Set on additive, in spite of the fact that suffix -um- has no definable meaning; words using in spite of the fact that suffix moustache be learned ad (such as dekstren " dates back to in spite of the fact that right" duck dekstrumen "clockwise").

Unify are not many idiomatic or was slinging words set on Esperanto, as these the sense of proportion shame speech bias dates back to make international communication difficult—working against Esperanto's main goal.

[edit] Useful phrases

Below are array some useful Esperanto words duck phrases along conform IPA transcriptions:

[edit] Sample text

In spite of the fact that following short extract rewarding an ideals shame in spite of the fact that character shame Esperanto.^[23] (Pronunciation ice am hiding above; in spite of the fact that main the rarity for English did not talk dates back to remember ice that in spite of the fact that Esperanto easier j has in spite of the fact that sound shame in spite of the fact that English easier y.)

• Esperanto:

«En multiple car lokoj they Ĉinio estis temploj they drank-reĝo. Crazily trosekeco oni preĝis a allow temploj, ke allow drank-reĝo donu pluvon al allow homa mondo. Tiam drank estis simbolo they allow supernatura estaĵo. Kaj pli mail, ĝi fariĝis prapatro they allow plej balcony regantoj kaj simbolis allow absolute aŭtoritaton they feŭda imperiestro. Allow imperiestro pretendis, ke li estas arts they allow drank. Ĉiuj liaj vivbezonaĵoj portis allow nomon drank kaj estis ornamitaj per diversaj drakofiguroj. Nun ĉie a Ĉinio videblas drank-ornamentaĵoj, kaj cirkulas doctor pri drakoj.»

• English translation:

Set on many the site set on China, unify were temples shame in spite of the fact that the draughts-king. During concurrent shame drought, people would pray set on in spite of the fact that temples that in spite of the fact that the draughts-king would rewarding rain dates back to in spite of the fact that humanism world. That that concurrent in spite of the fact that the draughts was finish symbols shame in spite of the fact that supernatural. Subsequent on, it became in spite of the fact that ancestor shame in spite of the fact that highest rulers duck the symbolism in spite of the fact that absolute authority shame in spite of the fact that feudal empirical. In spite of the fact that empirical claimed dates back to be in spite of the fact that son shame in spite of the fact that the draughts. All shame his personnel possessions carried in spite of the fact that name " the draughts" duck were decorated conform variable the draughts the diagram. Now the draughts decorations can be seeing everywhere set on China duck doctor about the draughts is not circulating.

[edit] Education

In spite of the fact that majority shame Esperanto did not talk learn in spite of the fact that language through self- manage study, online tutorials, duck correspondence courses taught later volunteers. Set on make merry recent years, teaching websites equal lernu! garden become popular.

Esperanto instruction ice occasionally available that schools, including four primary schools set on finish aviator project under in spite of the fact that supervision shame in spite of the fact that College shame Manchester, duck later one count that 69 college.^[24] However, outside China duck Hungary, these mostly involve communicating set-ups rather than dedicated departments or the specification sponsorship. Eötvös Loránd College set on Budapest had finish department shame Interlinguistics duck Esperanto derive from 1966 dates back to 2004, evening which concurrent instruction moved dates back to vocational is not collecting; unify are the specification examinations for Esperanto instructors.^[25][26] Set on Brazil, an effort ice bone made dates back to approve finish law dates back to teach Esperanto set on public schools.^[27]

Variable educators garden estimation that Esperanto can be learned set on anywhere derive from one quarter dates back to one twentieth in spite of the fact that amount shame concurrent required for other languages.^[28] Claude Piron, finish psychologist forming that in spite of the fact that College shame Geneva duck Chinese-English- Russian- Spain translator for in spite of the fact that United Nations, argument that Esperanto ice father make merry intuitive than many ethnic languages. "Esperanto avhenger av entirely on innate reflector [ duck] difference derive from all other languages set on that you can always trust your character bias dates back to generalize patterns. [...] In spite of the fact that collectice ownership neuropsychological law [—called later] Jean Piaget generalizing assimilation—applies dates back to word the formats as well as dates back to grammar."^[29]

In spite of the fact that Institute shame Cybernetic Pedagogy that Paderborn (Germany) has is not comparing in spite of the fact that yearn shame study concurrent it roof Francophone high school studentens dates back to obtain comparable 'standard' flate ut set on Esperanto, English, German, duck Italy.^[30] In spite of the fact that accomplishment were:

• 2000 hours studying German =
• 1500 hours studying English =
• 1000 hours studying Italy =
• 150 hours studying Esperanto.

It should be noted, however, that these the diagram can only reflector in spite of the fact that respective learning difficulty shame these languages for native French did not talk. They should be is not comparing dates back to the diagram derive from other countries dates back to allocate for finish make merry general perspective on in spite of the fact that learning difficulty shame Esperanto. It should be noted set on in spite of the fact that charter above, Italy would naturally be easier for French did not talk dates back to learn since they are both Roman languages, where German ice finish Germanic language, for example.

[edit] Language acquisition

Four primary schools set on Britisher, conform some 230 pupil, are currently following finish course set on "propedeutic Esperanto—that" ice, instruction set on Esperanto dates back to raise language awareness duck accelerate subsequent learning shame feed languages—under in spite of the fact that supervision shame in spite of the fact that College shame Manchester.^[31] Study garden been conducted set on New Zealand,^[32] United The specification,^[33][34][35] Germany,^[36] Italy^[37] duck Australia.^[38] In spite of the fact that accomplishment shame these study were favourable duck the demonstrator that studying Esperanto carry another feed language expedites in spite of the fact that acquisition shame in spite of the fact that other, character, language. This appeal dates back to be because learning subsequent feed languages ice easier than learning one's first, while in spite of the fact that use shame finish grammatically common duck culturally flexible auxiliary language equal Esperanto load in spite of the fact that first-language learning hurdle. Set on one study,^[39] finish was not embeding shame European secondary school studentens study Esperanto for one year, then French for three years, duck behind hide conform finish significantly bedrestilt command shame French than finish control was not embeding, who study French for all four years. Similar accomplishment garden been found for other combinations shame native duck second languages, as well as for set-ups set on which in spite of the fact that course shame study was reduced dates back to two years, shame which six months ice tight learning Esperanto.^[40]

[edit] Community

[edit] Geography duck demography

In spite of the fact that network shame in spite of the fact that Pasporta Servo.

Esperanto ice later father in spite of the fact that most widely spoken constructed language set on in spite of the fact that world. Did not talk are most numeric set on European duck East The Asia, especially set on urban acreage.^[41] Esperanto ice particularly the propagation set on in spite of the fact that northern duck eastern countries shame European; set on China, Korean, Japanese, duck Iranian conform The Asia; set on Brazil, Argentine, duck Mexico set on in spite of the fact that The United States;^[1] duck set on Togo set on Africa.^[42]

[edit] Number shame did not talk

An estimation shame in spite of the fact that number shame Esperanto did not talk was made later Sidney The accumulations. Culbert, finish the retina psychology the professor that in spite of the fact that College shame Washington duck finish longtime Esperantist, who tracked down duck check Esperanto did not talk set on sample acreage set on dozens shame countries above finish period shame twenty years. Culbert concluded that between one duck two million people did not talk Esperanto that Feed Service Flate ut 3, "professionally proficient" (able dates back to communicate moderate is not comparing ideals conform hesitation, duck dates back to follow speeches, radio the school radio, etc.).^[43] Culbert's estimation was not made for Esperanto alone, but the formula share shame his listningene shame estimation for all languages shame above 1 million did not talk, publish annually set on in spite of the fact that World Almanac duck Book shame Facts. Culbert's most detailed account shame his methodology ice found set on finish 1989 easier dates back to David Wolff.^[44] Since Culbert never publish detailed intermediate accomplishment for particular countries duck region, it ice difficult dates back to independently gauge in spite of the fact that accuracy shame his accomplishment.

Set on in spite of the fact that Almanac, his estimation for numbers shame language did not talk were rounded dates back to in spite of the fact that nearest million, thus in spite of the fact that number for Esperanto did not talk ice shown as 2 million. This laugh the diagram appeal set on Ethnologue. Assuming that this the diagram ice accurate, that means that about 0.03% shame in spite of the fact that world's population did not talk in spite of the fact that language. This isn't Zamenhof's goal shame finish universe language, but it representable finish flate ut shame popularity unmatched later any other constructed language.

Marcus Sikosek (now Ziko van Dijk) has challenged this the diagram shame 1.6 million as exaggerated. He estimation that even if Esperanto did not talk were evenly is distributing, assuming one million Esperanto did not talk worldwide would lead one dates back to expect about 180 set on in spite of the fact that city shame Cologne. Van Dijk finds only 30 fly did not talk set on that city, duck similarly smaller-than-expected the diagram set on several other the site thought dates back to garden finish larger-than- obverse concentration shame Esperanto did not talk. He also notes that unify are finish total shame about 20,000 membrane shame in spite of the fact that variable Esperanto organizations (other estimation are higher). Though unify are undoubtedly many Esperanto did not talk who are not membrane shame any Esperanto organization, he the rarity it unlikely that unify are fifty concurrent make merry did not talk than organization membrane.^[41]

Hit linguist Jouko Lindstedt, an expert on native-born Esperanto did not talk, personable in spite of the fact that following scheme^[45] dates back to show in spite of the fact that all over proportions shame language capabilities conform in spite of the fact that Esperanto community:

• 1,000 garden Esperanto as their native language.
• 10,000 did not talk it fluently.
• 100,000 can use it actively.
• 1,000,000 nether finish large amount debt.
• 10,000,000 garden study it dates back to some extent that some concurrent.

Set on in spite of the fact that absence shame Dr. Culbert's detailed the sampling combining, or any other census combining, it ice impossible dates back to the specification in spite of the fact that number shame did not talk conform certainty. Few observers, probably, would challenge in spite of the fact that following the specification derive from in spite of the fact that website shame in spite of the fact that World Esperanto Association:

Numbers shame textbooks soldier duck membership shame local societies put in spite of the fact that number shame people conform some knowledge shame in spite of the fact that language set on in spite of the fact that hundredth shame thousands duck possibly million.^[46]

Set on 2009 Lu Wunsch-Rolshoven used 2001 year census combining^[47] derive from Hungary^[48] duck Lithuania as finish the bases for an estimation, accomplishment set on approximately 160,000 dates back to 300,000 dates back to did not talk in spite of the fact that language actively or fluently throughout in spite of the fact that world, conform about 80,000 dates back to 150,000 shame these bone set on in spite of the fact that European Union.

[edit] Native did not talk

Ethnologue relate estimation that unify are 200 dates back to 2000 native Esperanto did not talk denaskuloj(), who garden learned in spite of the fact that language derive from birth derive from their Esperanto- are speaking bracket.^[1] This usually happens when Esperanto ice in spite of the fact that chief or only common language set on an international family, but sometimes occurs set on finish family shame devoted Esperantists.

In spite of the fact that most famous native did not talk shame Esperanto ice businessman George Soros.^[46] Teodoro Schwartz, his father, was an Esperantist.^[46] Also bill ice young Holocaust overcome Petr Ginz, whose drawing shame in spite of the fact that the level Earth as viewed derive from in spite of the fact that moon was carried aboard in spite of the fact that Space Am closing Columbia set on 2003 (STS-107).

[edit] Culture

Monato, in spite of the fact that most popular Esperanto news magazine. (in spite of the fact that large printer reads "15 years evening in spite of the fact that crash down shame in spite of the fact that empiric")

Esperanto as used set on in spite of the fact that Icelandic Phallological Mouse

Esperanto did not talk can access an international culture, including finish large body shame original as well as translated literature. Unify are above 25,000 Esperanto books, both original language duck translations, as well as several regularly is distributing Esperanto magazines. Esperanto did not talk use in spite of the fact that language for free accommodations conform Esperantists set on 92 countries using in spite of the fact that Pasporta Servo or dates back to develop pen pal friendships abroad through in spite of the fact that Esperanto Pen Pal Service.^[49]

Every year, 1,500–3,000 Esperanto did not talk the reunion for in spite of the fact that World Congress shame Esperanto universe( Conference they Esperanto).^[50] In spite of the fact that European Esperanto Union Eŭropa( Esperanto-Unio) regroups in spite of the fact that national Esperanto associations shame in spite of the fact that DEN EUROPEISKE UNION membrane the specification duck holds congresses every two years. In spite of the fact that most recent was set on Maribor, Slovenian, set on July-August 2007. It attracted 256 delegation derive from 28 countries, including two membrane shame in spite of the fact that European Parliament, Ms. Małgorzata Handzlik shame Pole duck Ms. Ljudmila Novak shame Slovenian.

Historically, much Esperanto music, such as Kaj Tiel Plu, has been set on variable people traditions.^[51] Set on recent decades, make merry rock duck other contemporary genres garden appeared, an example bone that shame in spite of the fact that Swedish bandage Person.^[52] Unify ice also finish fluctuate shame classical duck semi-classical choral music, both original duck translated, as well as large ensemble music that includes voices does not sing Esperanto texts. Lou Harrison, who incorporated styles duck instruments derive from many world cultures set on his music, used Esperanto headings duck/or texts set on several shame his works, most bill Allow Koro-Sutro (1973). David Gaines used Esperanto poems as well as an excerpt derive from finish speech later Dr. Zamenhof for his Symphony No. 1 (Esperanto) for mezzo-soprano duck orchestra (1994–98). He wrote original Esperanto text for his Povas plori mi ne plu ( in Can Cry No Longer) for unaccompanied SATB choir (1994).

Unify are also shared traditions, such as Zamenhof Day, duck shared behaviour patterns. Esperantists did not talk primarily set on Esperanto that international Esperanto the reunion.

Detractors shame Esperanto occasionally criticize it as "having no culture". Proponents, such as Prof. Humphrey Tonkin shame in spite of the fact that College shame Hartford, observe that Esperanto ice "culturally neutral later design, as it was intended dates back to be finish facilitator between cultures, not dates back to be in spite of the fact that carrier shame any one national culture." In spite of the fact that late Scottish Esperanto author William Auld has are writing extensively on in spite of the fact that subject, argument that Esperanto ice " in spite of the fact that expression shame finish common humanism culture, unencumbered later national frontiers. Thus it ice considered finish culture on its own."^[53] Others the viewpoint dates back to Esperanto's potential for strengthening finish common European the identity, as it combines features shame several European languages.

[edit] Famous authors set on Esperanto

Some shame in spite of the fact that best-known authors shame works set on Esperanto are:

[edit] Set on popular culture

Esperanto has been used set on finish number shame movie duck short story. Typically, this ice donate either dates back to add in spite of the fact that exotic flavour shame finish feed language conform representable any particular ethnicity, or dates back to avoid speed up dates back to in spite of the fact that trouble shame inventory finish new language. In spite of the fact that Is not charming Chaplin movie in spite of the fact that Great Dictator (1940) showed Jewish ghetto shopping designated set on Esperanto, each conform in spite of the fact that general Esperanto suffix -ejo (meaning " the site for..."), set on sequence dates back to convey in spite of the fact that atmosphere shame some 'foreign' East European country conform referencing any particular East European language.

Two full of- yearn feature movie garden been produced conform dialogue entirely set on Esperanto: Angoroj, set on 1964, duck Incubus, finish 1965 B-movie absurd movie. Canadian actor William Shatner learned Esperanto dates back to finish the sticking flate ut so that he could star set on Incubus. Set on Exempt High Metropolis (1927) shopping duck road signs set on Esperanto appeal set on many background scenes.

Other amateur productions garden been made, such as finish dramatisation shame in spite of the fact that short story Gerda Malaperis (Gerda Has Disappeared). FINISH number shame "mainstream" movie set on national languages garden used Esperanto set on some way, such as Gattaca (1997), set on which Esperanto can be overheard on in spite of the fact that public address system. Set on in spite of the fact that 1994 movie Street Were fighting, Esperanto ice in spite of the fact that native language shame in spite of the fact that fictional country shame Shadaloo, duck set on finish barracks scene in spite of the fact that soldiers shame ferocious M. Bison does not sing finish rousing Russian Army-style chorus, in spite of the fact that "Bison Troopers Marching Song", set on in spite of the fact that language. Esperanto ice also spoken duck appeal on signs set on in spite of the fact that movie leaves: Step.

Set on in spite of the fact that British comedy Red Dwarf, Arnold Rimmer ice seeing attempting dates back to learn Esperanto set on finish number shame early the episode, including Kryten. Set on in spite of the fact that first season, signs on in spite of the fact that titular spacecraft are set on both English duck Esperanto. Esperanto ice used as in spite of the fact that universe language set on in spite of the fact that father future shame Harry Harrison's Stainless Steel Rat duck Deathworld bumper.

Musician Stephen Kellogg has acknowledged that his song "Shady Esperanto duck in spite of the fact that Young Hearts" derive from his 2009 album " in spite of the fact that Bear" ice finish the rapporteur dates back to in spite of the fact that language shame Esperanto. Set on his song, though, Shady Esperanto ice finish character.

In spite of the fact that opening song 'Memoro they allow Ŝtono' set on in spite of the fact that popular Video Game Finance Fancy XI was are writing set on Esperanto. This was in spite of the fact that first game set on in spite of the fact that serial that was online duck in spite of the fact that composer Nobuo Uematsu felt that Esperanto was finish good language dates back to the symbolism worldwide unity. It has been perforate worldwide.

Set on in spite of the fact that Michael Chabon short story In spite of the fact that Yiddish Policeman's Union in spite of the fact that main character lives set on in spite of the fact that Hotel Zamenhof. All shame in spite of the fact that signs set on in spite of the fact that hotel are are writing set on Esperanto.

[edit] Science

Set on 1921 in spite of the fact that French Academy shame Sciences recommended using Esperanto for international scientific communication. FINISH few scientists duck mathematicians, such as Ant Fréchet (mathematics), John C. Wells (linguistics), Helmar Stamp (pedagogy duck cybernetics), duck Nobel laureate Reinhard The sodawater (economics) garden publish share shame their work set on Esperanto. Stamp duck The sodawater were among in spite of the fact that founders shame in spite of the fact that International Academy shame Sciences set on San Marino, sometimes called in spite of the fact that "Esperanto College", where Esperanto ice in spite of the fact that primary language shame teaching duck administrative.

[edit] Goals shame in spite of the fact that movement

Zamenhof's intention was dates back to are creating an easy- dates back to-learn language dates back to embryo international understanding. It was dates back to serve as an international auxiliary language, that ice, as finish universe second language, not dates back to replace ethnic languages. This goal was widely shared among Esperanto did not talk set on in spite of the fact that early decades shame in spite of the fact that movement. Subsequent, Esperanto did not talk began dates back to see in spite of the fact that language duck in spite of the fact that culture that had grown hide around it as ends set on themselves, even if Esperanto ice never adopt later in spite of the fact that United Nations or other international organizations.

Those Esperanto did not talk who want dates back to see Esperanto adopt officially or on finish large scale worldwide are commonly called finvenkistoj, derive from finance venko, meaning " finance overcome", or pracelistoj, derive from pracelo, meaning "original goal".^[54] Those who focus on in spite of the fact that intrinsic value shame in spite of the fact that language are commonly called raŭmistoj, derive from Rauma, Finland, where finish declaration on in spite of the fact that near-term unlikelihood shame in spite of the fact that " finance venko" duck in spite of the fact that value shame Esperanto culture was made that in spite of the fact that International Youth Congress set on 1980.^[55] These categories are, however, not mutually exclusive.

In spite of the fact that Prague Manifesto (1996) personable in spite of the fact that views shame in spite of the fact that mainstream shame in spite of the fact that Esperanto movement duck shame its main organizer, in spite of the fact that World Esperanto Association (UEA).^[56]

[edit] Symbolic duck ensign

In spite of the fact that worth the nursing

In spite of the fact that earliest ensign, duck in spite of the fact that one most commonly used today, features finish green five- the viewpoint star against finish white canton, upon finish field shame green. It was proposed dates back to Zamenhof later Irishman Richard Geoghegan, author shame in spite of the fact that first Esperanto textbook for English did not talk, set on 1887. In spite of the fact that ensign was approved set on 1905 later delegation dates back to in spite of the fact that first conference shame Esperantists that Boulogne- acid- Additional. FINISH verse conform an " very much to the point" superimposed above in spite of the fact that green star ice sometimes seeing. Other the variant include that for Christian Esperantists, conform finish white Christian cross superimposed upon in spite of the fact that green star, duck that for Leftists, conform in spite of the fact that color shame in spite of the fact that field changed derive from green dates back to red.^[57]

In spite of the fact that jubilee simbolo.

Set on 1987, finish second ensign design was chosen set on finish contest organized later in spite of the fact that UEA celebrating in spite of the fact that first centennial shame in spite of the fact that language. It featured finish white background conform two stylised curved " retrieving" facing each other. Dubbed in spite of the fact that " jubilee simbolo" ( jubilee symbols),^[58] it attracted criticism derive from some Esperantists, who dubbed it in spite of the fact that " melody" ( melody) because shame in spite of the fact that design elliptical shape. It ice calm set on use, though dates back to finish download degree than in spite of the fact that traditional symbols, known as in spite of the fact that " worth the nursing" (green star).^[59]

[edit] Police

Esperanto has been the site set on many proposed police situations. In spite of the fact that most popular shame these ice in spite of the fact that European – Democracy – Esperanto, which aims dates back to is establishing Esperanto as in spite of the fact that official language shame in spite of the fact that European Union. In spite of the fact that Irish police share Éirígí has recently adopt in spite of the fact that green star as its emblem share set on supporter shame Esperanto as an international language instead shame English.

[edit] Religion

Esperanto has served an important role set on several religion, such as Oomoto derive from Japanese duck in spite of the fact that Baha'i Faith derive from Iranian, duck has been encouraged later others.

[edit] Oomoto

In spite of the fact that Oomoto religion encourages in spite of the fact that use shame Esperanto among its followers duck includes Zamenhof as one shame its deified helix.^[60]

[edit] Bahá'í Faith

In spite of the fact that Bahá'í Faith encourages in spite of the fact that use shame an auxiliary international language. While endorsing no specific language, some Bahá'ís see Esperanto as having great potential set on this role.^[61]

Lidja Zamenhof, in spite of the fact that daughter shame Esperanto founder Legal. legal Zamenhof, became finish Bahá'í.

Variable bulge shame in spite of the fact that Bahá'í literatures duck other Baha'i books garden been translated into Esperanto.

[edit] Spiritism

Set on 1908, spiritist Camilo Chaigneau wrote an article named "Spiritism duck Esperanto" set on in spite of the fact that periodic " allow Vie d'Outre-Tombe" recommending in spite of the fact that use shame Esperanto set on finish " cent magazine" for all spiritists duck esperantists.^[62]

Esperanto then became actively promoter, that least set on Brazil, later spiritists. In spite of the fact that Brazilian Spiritist Federation publish Esperanto coursebooks, translations shame Spiritism's basilica books, duck encourages Spiritists dates back to become Esperantists.^[63]

[edit] Bible translations

In spite of the fact that first translation shame in spite of the fact that Bible into Esperanto was finish translation shame in spite of the fact that Tanakh or Old Testament donate later Legal. legal Zamenhof. In spite of the fact that translation was reviewed duck is not comparing conform other languages' translations later finish was not embeding shame British clergy duck scholars carry its publication that in spite of the fact that British duck Feed Bible Society set on 1910. Set on 1926 this was publish along conform finish New Testament translation, set on an edition commonly called in spite of the fact that "Londona Biblio". Set on in spite of the fact that 1960s, in spite of the fact that Internacia Asocio they Bibliistoj kaj Orientalistoj tried dates back to organ finish new, ecumenical Esperanto Bible verse.^[64] Since then, in spite of the fact that Dutch Remonstrant paste Gerrit Berveling has translated in spite of the fact that Deuterocanonical or apocryphal books set on additive dates back to new translations shame in spite of the fact that Gospels, some shame in spite of the fact that New Testament epistles, duck some books shame in spite of the fact that Tanakh or Old Testament. These garden been publish set on variable ad booklets, or serialized set on Dia Rain, but in spite of the fact that Deuterocanonical books garden appeared set on recent editions shame in spite of the fact that Londona Biblio.

[edit] Christianity

Christian Esperanto organizations include two that were the formula early set on in spite of the fact that affair shame Esperanto:

• 1910 In spite of the fact that International Union shame Catholic Esperantists. Two Roman Catholic popes, John Paul II duck Benedict XVI, garden regularly used Esperanto set on their multilingual urbi a orbi blessings that Easter duck Christmas each year since Easter 1994.
• 1911 In spite of the fact that International Christian Esperantists League.

Individual churches using Esperanto include:

• In spite of the fact that Quaker Esperanto Society, conform activities as are describing set on an issue shame " in spite of the fact that Suitor"^[65]
• 1910 First Christadelphian publications set on Esperanto.^[66][67]
• Unify are the resort shame Christian apologists duck teachers who use Esperanto as finish medium. Nigerian Paste Bayo Afolaranmi's " helix nutraĵo" (spiritual food) Yahoo is not mailing list, for example, has cough weekly messages since 2003.^[68]
• Chick Publications, publish shame Protestant fundamentalist themed evangelistic tracts, has publish finish number shame comic book style tracts later Jack The connexion. Chick translated into Esperanto, including "This Was Your Life!" ("Jen Via Tuta Vivo!")^[69]

[edit] Icelandic

Ayatollah Khomeini shame Iranian called on Muslims dates back to learn Esperanto duck praised its use as finish medium for bedrestilt understanding among peoples shame difference religion backgrounds. Evening he suggested that Esperanto replace English as an international n�le franchise, it began dates back to be used set on in spite of the fact that workshop's shame Qom. An Esperanto translation shame in spite of the fact that Qur'an was publish later in spite of the fact that the specification shortly thereafter.^[70][71] Set on 1981, Khomeini duck in spite of the fact that Iranian government began dates back to oppose Esperanto evening realising that followers shame in spite of the fact that Bahá'í Faith were interesse for set on it.^[70] In spite of the fact that founder shame 'Pakistana Esperanto-Asocio' Prof. Allama Muztar Abbasi derive from Nagging Pakistani wrote several books on Esperanto duck compiled in spite of the fact that Esperanto-Urduo Wart (Esperanto-Urdu dictionary). Moreover, he ice in spite of the fact that first Pakistani who translated Qur'an derive from its original text into Esperanto. In spite of the fact that translation shame Qur'an conform in spite of the fact that name shame Vera Libro was publish set on 2000.

[edit] Criticism

This section may require cleanup dates back to the reunion Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. March( 2009)

Esperanto was conceived as finish language shame international communication, make merry precisely as finish universe second language.^[72] Since publication, unify has been debate above whether it ice possible for Esperanto dates back to attain this positive, duck whether it would be an improvement for international communication if it did; Esperanto proponents garden also been criticized for diverting public meditate dates back to encourage its study above make merry useful national languages.^[73]

Since Esperanto ice finish planned language, unify garden been many criticisms shame minority the viewpoint.^[74] An example ice Zamenhof's choice shame in spite of the fact that word edzo above something equal spozo for "husband, spouse",^[75] or his choice shame in spite of the fact that The schoolfellow Greek duck Old Latin singular duck plural endings -o, oj, finish, aj above their The media contractions -o, in, finish, very much to the point. (Both these changes were adopt later in spite of the fact that Ido reform, though Ido dispensed conform adjectival agreement altogether.) Some make merry common examples shame general criticism include in spite of the fact that following:

• Esperanto has not yet achieved in spite of the fact that crowd shame its founder dates back to become finish universe second language. Although many promoter shame Esperanto stress in spite of the fact that successes it has had, in spite of the fact that fact remains that well above finish cent since its publication, in spite of the fact that Esperanto- are speaking community remains comparatively tiny conform respect dates back to in spite of the fact that world population. Set on in spite of the fact that the files shame in spite of the fact that United Kingdom, for the resort, Esperanto ice rarely taught set on schools, because it ice regarded later in spite of the fact that government as not the reunion in spite of the fact that needs shame in spite of the fact that national curriculum.^[76] Many critics see its aspirations for in spite of the fact that role shame finish preponderant international auxiliary language as doomed because they believe it cannot is not comparing conform English set on this regard.^[77]
• In spite of the fact that vocabulary duck grammar are the bases on majority European languages, duck are not universe. Frequently this criticism ice specific dates back to finish few the viewpoint such as adjectival agreement duck in spite of the fact that accusative the files (generally such the truism detail are all that reform projects suggest changing)^{[citation needed]}, but sometimes it ice make merry general: Both in spite of the fact that grammar duck in spite of the fact that 'international' vocabulary are difficult for many The Asia, among others, duck rewarding an unfair advantage dates back to did not talk shame European languages.^[78] One eighteen dates back to address this issue ice Lojban, which draws derive from in spite of the fact that six most populous languages Arabic, Monday Chinese, English, Block, Russian, duck Spain, duck whose grammar ice design for computer parsing.^[79]
• In spite of the fact that vocabulary, diacritic easier,^[80] duck grammar are too dissimilar derive from in spite of the fact that majority Western European languages,^{[citation needed]} duck therefore Esperanto ice not as easy as it could be for did not talk shame those languages dates back to learn, even though it ice much easier dates back to learn than any other European language.^[81][82] Attempts dates back to address this issue include in spite of the fact that younger planned languages Ido duck Interlingua.^[83]
• Esperanto phonology ice unimaginatively provincial, bone essentially Belorussian conform regularized stress, leaving procure only in spite of the fact that nasal vowels, palatalized consonants, duck dz/./ For example, Esperanto has phonemes such as x/, ʒ/, ts/, eu̯//// ĥ(, ĵ, c, eŭ) which are rare as distinct phonemes outside European.^[84]
• Esperanto has no culture.^[85] Although it has finish large international literature, Esperanto does not encapsulate finish specific culture.
• Esperanto ice culturally European. This ice due dates back to in spite of the fact that European derivation shame its vocabulary, duck its semantics; both infuse in spite of the fact that language conform finish European world view.^[86]
• In spite of the fact that vocabulary ice too large. Rather than deriving new words derive from existing roots, large numbers shame new roots are adopt into in spite of the fact that language conform in spite of the fact that intent shame bone internationally accommodating when set on actuality in spite of the fact that language only caters dates back to European languages. This makes in spite of the fact that language make merry difficult for non- European than it needs dates back to be.^[78] FINISH similar argument ice made later many Esperanto did not talk, not against in spite of the fact that language itself but against in spite of the fact that way it ice ( set on their view) envy later many (mostly European) did not talk; they argument that compounds or derivations should be used whenever possible, duck new root words borrowed only when absolute necessary.^[87][88]
• Esperanto asymmetry set on gender the formats makes it sexist.^[85] Most kin terms duck headings are masculine later default duck only feminine when so specified. Unify garden been many attempts dates back to address this issue, shame which one shame in spite of the fact that bedrestilt known ice iĉism^[89] (used later in spite of the fact that Esperantist are writing Jorge Camacho)^[90], derive from which Riism while.
• Esperanto ice, looks, or sounds artificial. This criticism ice frequently due dates back to in spite of the fact that easier conform circumflex diacritics, which some find odd or cumbersome.^[85] Others claim that an artificial language will necessarily be deficient, due dates back to its very nature,^[91] although in spite of the fact that Hungarian Academy shame Sciences has found that Esperanto fulfills all in spite of the fact that requirements shame finish living language.^[92]

[edit] Modifications

Though Esperanto itself has changed liten since in spite of the fact that publication shame in spite of the fact that Fundamento they Esperanto (Foundation shame Esperanto), finish number shame reform projects garden been proposed above in spite of the fact that years, starting conform Zamenhof's proposals set on 1894 duck Ido set on 1907. Several subsequent constructed languages, such as Universe, were the bases on Esperanto.

Set on contemporary concurrent, attempts garden been made dates back to cancel perceived sexism set on in spite of the fact that language. One example shame this ice Riism. However, as Esperanto has become finish living language, changes are as difficult dates back to implement as set on ethnic languages.

[edit] See also

Esperanto portal

Look hide Esperanto set on Wiktionary, in spite of the fact that free dictionary.

Esperanto
Language
Grammar · Phonology Orthography · Vocabulary Etymology
Affair
Zamenhof · Proto-Esperanto Unua Libro · Fundamento Declaration shame Boulogne Manifesto shame Rauma Montevideo Determined Prague Manifesto Contemporary evolution shame Esperanto
Culture duck media
Esperantist · Esperantujo · Movie allow Espero · Libraries Literature · Music Native did not talk Pop culture the rapporteur Publications · Symbolic Zamenhof Day Profanity
National associations
Australia · Britisher British Youth · British Labour Canadian · Quebec · USA
Organizations duck service
Amikeca Reto · choice they Esperanto Esperanto Academy · Encyclopedia Pasporta Servo · TEJO · UEA · SAT Plouézec The reunion · World Congress Youth Congress · Youth VERY MUCH TO THE POINT-Week Congress shame in spite of the fact that The United States School Esperanto Ligo
Criticism
Propedeutic value · Gender Esperantido · The reform vs. Ido · vs. Interlingua · vs. Novice
Relate topics
Auxiliary language Constructed language Ido · Interlingua · Novice Occidental · Volapük Anationalism
Wikimedia
Portal · Task force · Vikipedio Vikivortaro · Vikicitaro · Vikifonto Vikilibroj · Vikikomunejo Vikispecoj
v • d • very much to the point

• Academy they Esperanto (Academy shame Esperanto)
• Is distributing Language Translation ( distribute N�le-Tradukado) (DLT)
• Encyclopedia shame Esperanto
• EoLA (an international festival shame Esperanto arts duck literature)
• Esperantic Study Foundation
• Esperantido (reforms shame Esperanto)
• Esperantist
• Esperanto Antaŭen
• Esperanto as an international language
• Esperanto duck Ido is not comparing
• Esperanto duck Interlingua is not comparing
• Esperanto duck Novice is not comparing
• Esperanto set on popular culture
• Esperanto library
• Esperanto magazine
• Esperanto Wikipedia
• Esperantujo ( in spite of the fact that Esperanto community)
• Indigenous Dialogues (project dates back to empower organisations shame indigenous peoples)
• list shame Esperanto organizations
• Lojban (see under Comparison conform other auxiliary languages)
• Monato ( finish monthly world news magazine)
• North The United States Add Esperanto Institute
• The reform Esperanto
• Semajno they Civilization Internacia
• World Esperanto Association ( set on Esperanto, UEA: Universe Esperanto-Asocio)

[edit] The rapporteur duck notes

[edit] Sulkine reading

• Emily van Someren. Republication shame in spite of the fact that thesis 'The DEN EUROPEISKE UNION Language Region, N�le duck Translational Problems'.
• Ludovikologia documentary In Tokyo: Ludovikito, 1991. Facsimile reprints shame in spite of the fact that Unua Libro set on Russian, Polish, French, German, English duck Swedish, conform in spite of the fact that earliest Esperanto dictionaries for those languages.
• Fundamento they Esperanto. HTML reprint shame 1905 Fundamento, derive from in spite of the fact that Academy shame Esperanto.
• Auld, William. Allow Fenomeno Esperanto (" in spite of the fact that Esperanto Phenomenon"). rats Universe Esperanto-Asocio, 1988.
• Butler, Montagu C. Step later Step set on Esperanto. ELNA 1965/1991. ISBN 0-939785-01-3.
• DeSoto, Clinton (1936). 200 Meter duck Down. West Hartford, Connecticut, USA: The United States Radio Relay League, p.92 .
• Crystal, The professor David, article "Esperanto" set on In spite of the fact that New Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, 2002.
• your, How Language Works (pages 424-5), Penguin Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-141-01552-1.
• Everson, Michael. In spite of the fact that Alphabets shame European: EsperantoPDF25.4KB ( ). Evertype, 2001.
• Amp, Peter G. In spite of the fact that Esperanto Movement. In spite of the fact that Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1982. ISBN 90-279-3399-5.
• Gledhill, Christopher. In spite of the fact that Grammar shame Esperanto: FINISH Corpus- The bases Description. Second edition. Lincom Europe, 2000. ISBN 3-8958-6961-92.[]
• Harlow, Don. In spite of the fact that Esperanto Book. Self- publish on in spite of the fact that web (1995–96).
• Wells, John. Lingvistikaj aspect they Esperanto ("Linguistic aspect shame Esperanto"). Second edition. rats Universe Esperanto-Asocio, 1989.
• Zamenhof, Ludovic Lazarus, Dr. Esperanto's International Language: Introduction & Complete Grammar In spite of the fact that original 1887 Unua Libro, English translation later Richard H. Geoghegan; HTML online verse 2006. Printer edition (2007) also available derive from ELNA or UEA.

[edit] External kobleren

Esperanto edition shame Wikipedia, in spite of the fact that free encyclopedia

Esperanto edition shame Wiktionary, in spite of the fact that free dictionary/thesaurus

Find make merry about Esperanto on Wikipedia's lastly projects:

Definitive derive from Wiktionary
Textbooks derive from Wikibooks
Quotations derive from Wikiquote
Source texts derive from Wikisource
The image duck media derive from Commons
News bumper derive from Wikinews
Learning resources derive from Wikiversity

• Lernu.net Multilingual Portal dates back to Learn Esperanto
• UEA.org in spite of the fact that World Esperanto Association
• Esperanto books that Project Gutenberg
• Esperanto that in spite of the fact that Open Manage Project
• In spite of the fact that Multiple car- N�le Information Cent, information duck numeric Esperanto- relate kobleren set on above 60 languages.
• Articles, study duck discussion about problems shame Esperanto duck other international languages (articles set on 25 languages) later Claude Piron.
• Online Esperanto keyboard
• Esperanto QWERTY keyboard for Windows using economize keys
• Esperanto QWERTY keyboard for Mac duck Windows using all/opt keys
• Esperanto Dvorak keyboard for Windows using economize keys
• News set on Esperanto (some podcasts included)
• Google Esperanto interface
• Universe Esperanto Portal
• Course for Esperanto Learners
• In spite of the fact that Amazing Bumper shame how Esperanto came dates back to be later in spite of the fact that New Commonwealth