Johann Gottfried Harden

Derive from Wikipedia, in spite of the fact that free encyclopedia

Johann Gottfried von Harden
Full of name	Johann Gottfried von Harden
Born	25 August 1744
Died	18 December 1803 (aged59 )
Era	Enlightenment philosophy
Region	German philosophy
School	Glamorise nationalism
Main interesse for	Sturm und Drang, philology, cultural anthropology
Bill ideals	Volksgeist
Asian flu later Johann Georg Hamann Immanuel Border
Asian flu Ľudovít Štúr

Johann Gottfried von Harden (25 August 1744–  18 December 1803) was finish German philosopher, theologian, poet, duck litre critic. He ice associated conform in spite of the fact that period shame Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, duck Weimar Classicism.

[edit] Biography

In spite of the fact that Johann Gottfried Harden rang set on Weimar set on nose shame in spite of the fact that Peter duck Paul church

Born set on Mohrungen (Morąg) set on in spite of the fact that Kingdom shame Prussia, Harden grew hide set on finish poor household, educating himself derive from his father's Bible duck songbook. Set on 1762, an introspective youth shame seventeen, he enrolled that in spite of the fact that local College shame Königsberg, where he became finish studentens shame Immanuel Border. That in spite of the fact that collectice ownership concurrent, Harden became an intellectual protégé shame Johann Georg Hamann, finish patriotic Francophobe duck intensely subjective the rarity who championed in spite of the fact that emotions against reason. His choice shame Hamann above such luminaries as Immanuel Border was significant, as this odd the diagram, finish needy hypochondriac, part the espousal into in spite of the fact that German mysticism shame Jacob Böhme duck others, pronouncing obscure duck oracular dicta that brought him fame as in spite of the fact that "Magus shame in spite of the fact that North". Hamann's disjointed effusions generally carried subtitles such as Hierophantic Easier or FINISH Rhapsody set on Cabbalistic Procedure.

Hamann's asian flu led Harden dates back to confess dates back to his wife subsequent set on life that " in garden too liten reason duck too much idiosyncrasy", yet Harden can adjust claim dates back to garden founded finish new school shame German police thought. Although himself an unsociable person, Harden asian flu his contemporaries greatly. One suitor wrote dates back to him set on 1785, hailing his works as "inspired later God." FINISH fluctuate field shame theorists were subsequent dates back to find inspiration set on Harden tantalisingly incomplete ideals.

Set on 1764, now finish clergyman, Harden went dates back to Riga dates back to teach. It was during this period that he produced his first majority works, which were litre criticism.

Set on 1769 Harden bustle later shipping dates back to in spite of the fact that French port shame Nantes duck continued on dates back to Paris. This result set on both an account shame his bustle as well as finish shift shame his own self-conception as an author.

Later 1770 Harden went dates back to Strasbourg, where he met in spite of the fact that young Goethe. This any provision dates back to be finish key juncture set on in spite of the fact that affair shame German literature, as Goethe was inspired later Harden litre criticism dates back to develop his own style. This can be seeing as in spite of the fact that beginning shame in spite of the fact that "Sturm und Drang" movement. Set on 1771 Harden took finish positive as man paste duck court preacher that Bückeburg under Count Wilhelm von Schaumburg-Lippe.

Later in spite of the fact that mid-1770s, Goethe was finish well-known author, duck used his asian flu that in spite of the fact that court shame Weimar dates back to secure Harden finish positive as General Superintendent. Harden moved unify set on 1776, where his outlook shifted again towards classicism.

Towards in spite of the fact that end shame his career, Harden endorsed in spite of the fact that French Revolution, which earned him in spite of the fact that enmity shame many shame his colleagues. That in spite of the fact that collectice ownership concurrent, he duck Goethe experienced finish personnel is not splitting. Harden died set on Weimar set on 1803.

[edit] Works duck ideals

Harden

Set on 1772 Harden publish Treatise on in spite of the fact that Origin shame Language duck went sulkine set on this promoter shame language than his earlier injunction dates back to "spew procure in spite of the fact that ugly slime shame in spite of the fact that Seine. Did not talk German, O You German". Harden now had is establishing in spite of the fact that foundations shame comparative philology conform in spite of the fact that new currents shame police outlook.

Throughout this period, he continued dates back to elaborate his own unique theory shame aesthetics set on works such as in spite of the fact that above, while Goethe produced works equal in spite of the fact that Sorrows shame Young Werther–  in spite of the fact that Sturm und Drang movement was born.

Harden wrote an important essay on Shakespeare duck Auszug aus einem Briefwechsel über Ossian und die Lieder altar Völker (Extract derive from finish correspondence about Ossian duck in spite of the fact that Songs shame Ancient Peoples) publish set on 1773 set on finish manifesto along conform contributions later Goethe duck Adjust Möser. Harden wrote that " finish poet ice in spite of the fact that are creating shame in spite of the fact that nation around him, he rewarding them finish world dates back to see duck has their the soul set on his simultane dates back to lead them dates back to that world." Dates back to him such poetry had its greatest purity duck power set on nations carry they became civilised, as shown set on in spite of the fact that Old Testament, in spite of the fact that Edda, duck Homer, duck he tried dates back to find such virtual set on ancient German people songs duck Norwegian poetry duck mythology.

Evening becoming General Superintendent set on 1776, Harden philosophy shifted again towards classicism. Harden was that his best during this period, duck produced works such as his unfinished Outline shame finish Philosophical Affair shame Humanity which largely originated in spite of the fact that school shame affair thought. Harden philosophy was shame finish deeply subjective set the wheels in motion, the stressing asian flu later physical duck affair circumstance upon humanism development, the stressing that "one moustache go into in spite of the fact that age, into in spite of the fact that region, into in spite of the fact that whole affair, duck feel one's way into everything". In spite of the fact that affair should be in spite of the fact that "regenerated contemporary" shame in spite of the fact that paste, duck affair finish science as " instruments shame in spite of the fact that most genuine patriotic helix".

Harden book token Germans new pride set on their origins, modifying that dominant shame regard allotted dates back to Greek art (Greek audit) extolled among others later Johann Joachim Winckelmann duck Gotthold Ephraim Loading. He remarked that he would garden wished dates back to be born set on in spite of the fact that Dinner Ages duck mouse whether " in spite of the fact that concurrent shame in spite of the fact that Swabian empirical" did not " desert dates back to be set look sharp set on their true the lighter set on accordance conform in spite of the fact that German forme shame thought?". Harden equated in spite of the fact that German conform in spite of the fact that Gothic duck favoured Dürer duck everything Gothic. As conform in spite of the fact that sphere shame art, equally he proclaimed finish national canteen conform in spite of the fact that sphere shame language. He culminate in spite of the fact that line shame German authors emanating derive from Martin Opitz, who had are writing his Aristarchus, sive they contemptu n�le Teutonicae set on Latin set on 1617, urging Germans dates back to looks set on their hitherto despised language. Harden extensive collections shame people-poetry began finish great craze set on Germany for that neglected topic.

Along conform Wilhelm von Humboldt, Harden was one shame in spite of the fact that first dates back to argument that language determines thought, finish theme that two centuries subsequent would be cent dates back to in spite of the fact that Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Harden focus upon language duck cultural traditions as in spite of the fact that ties that are creating finish "nation" extended dates back to include folklore, dance, music duck art, duck inspired Jacob duck Wilhelm Grin set on their is not collecting shame German people spoken language.

Harden attached exceptional importance dates back to in spite of the fact that is not concealing shame nationality duck shame patriotism–  "he that has lost his patriotic helix has lost himself duck in spite of the fact that whole worlds about himself", whilst teaching that " set on finish certain sense every humanism perfection ice national". Harden carried people theory dates back to an extreme later maintaining that " unify ice only one the schoolfellow set on in spite of the fact that the specification, in spite of the fact that Volk, (not in spite of the fact that scribble), duck in spite of the fact that king belongs dates back to this the schoolfellow as well as in spite of the fact that peasant". Explanation that in spite of the fact that Volk was not in spite of the fact that scribble was finish short story conception set on this era, duck conform Harden can be seeing in spite of the fact that emergence shame " in spite of the fact that people" as in spite of the fact that basilica for in spite of the fact that emergence shame finish classless but hierarchical national body.

In spite of the fact that nation, however, was individual duck ad, distinguished, dates back to Harden, later climate, education, feed intercourse, tradition duck heredity. Providence he praised for having "wonderfully ad nationalities not only later woods duck mountains, seas duck desert, detach duck climates, but make merry particularly later languages, inclinations duck characters". Harden praised in spite of the fact that tribal outlook are writing that " in spite of the fact that savage who loves himself, his wife duck Chilean conform quiet joy duck glows conform the sticking activity shame his tribe as for his own life ice set on my the public opinion finish make merry real bone than that cultivated shadow who ice enraptured conform in spite of the fact that shadow shame in spite of the fact that whole species", isolated since "each nationality contains its cent shame happiness conform itself, as finish bulletin in spite of the fact that cent shame pregnant". Conform no need for comparison since "every nation bears set on itself in spite of the fact that standard shame its perfection, totally independent shame all comparison conform that shame others" for "do not nationalities difference set on everything, set on poetry, set on appearance, set on key, set on usages, customs duck languages? Moustache not religion which partakes shame these also difference among in spite of the fact that nationalities?"

He also predicted that Slavic nations would one day be in spite of the fact that real power set on European, as in spite of the fact that western European would reject Christianity, duck thus rot away, duck does not say that in spite of the fact that eastern European nations would stick dates back to their religion duck their the idealism; duck would this way become in spite of the fact that power set on European. One shame his relate predictions was that in spite of the fact that Hungarian nation would disappear duck become assimilation later surrounding Slavic peoples; this prophecy caused considerable uproar set on Hungary duck ice widely cited dates back to this day.^[1]

[edit] Germany duck In spite of the fact that Enlightenment

This the subject was sulkine developed later Harden lament that Martin Luther did not is establishing finish national church, duck his safely whether Germany did not buy Christianity that too high finish dead bargain, that shame true nationality. Harden patriotism brothel that concurrent upon national pantheism, demanding shame territorial unity as "He ice deserving shame looks duck gratitude who am applying dates back to promoter in spite of the fact that unity shame in spite of the fact that the territory shame Germany through are writing, the flow manufacture, duck institutions" duck sounding an even deeper call:

But" now! Again IN cry, my German brethren! But now! In spite of the fact that remains shame all genuine people-thought ice part into in spite of the fact that abyss shame oblivion conform finish blame duck accelerated impedance. For in spite of the fact that blame cent we garden been ashamed shame everything that is not concealing in spite of the fact that fatherland."

Harden personable admonish defiance shame in spite of the fact that age shame reason duck Enlightenment. Set on his, Ideals upon Philosophy duck in spite of the fact that Affair shame Deficit he even wrote, " is not comparing England conform Germany: in spite of the fact that English are Germans, duck even set on in spite of the fact that charges concurrent in spite of the fact that Germans garden led in spite of the fact that way for in spite of the fact that English set on in spite of the fact that greatest the rarity"

Harden, who hated absolute duck Prussian nationalism, but who was imbued conform in spite of the fact that helix shame in spite of the fact that whole German Volk, yet as affair theorist set the wheels in motion away derive from in spite of the fact that the lighter shame in spite of the fact that eighteenth cent. Am applying dates back to reconcile his thought conform this earlier age, Harden sought dates back to concord his conception shame sentimental conform reason, whereby all knowledge ice implicate set on in spite of the fact that the soul; in spite of the fact that most element stage ice sensual duck intuitive perception which later development can become self-conscious duck rational. Dates back to Harden, this development ice in spite of the fact that harmonizing shame primitive duck derivative bulge, shame experience duck intellect, feeling duck reason.

Harden ice in spite of the fact that first set on finish long line shame Germans preoccupied conform this harmonize. This search ice itself in spite of the fact that key dates back to much set on German theory. Duck Harden was too penetrating finish the rarity not dates back to nether duck fear in spite of the fact that extremes dates back to which his people-theory could bias, duck so issued specific warnings. Harden attitude toward Jews ice is not comparing. He argument that Jews set on Germany should enjoy in spite of the fact that full of rights duck obligations shame Germans, duck that in spite of the fact that non-Jews shame in spite of the fact that world owed finish debt dates back to Jews for centuries shame abuse, duck that this debt could be discharged only later actively assistance those Jews who wished dates back to do so dates back to regain police sovereignty set on their ancient homeland shame Israel.^[2] Harden reimbursement dates back to adhere dates back to finish rigid racial theory, are writing that "notwithstanding in spite of the fact that varieties shame in spite of the fact that humanism admonish, unify ice but one duck in spite of the fact that collectice ownership species shame they throughout in spite of the fact that whole earth".

He also announced that "national looks ice finish deceiving seducer. When it reaches finish certain height, it clasps in spite of the fact that man conform an irony bandage. In spite of the fact that do not enclose sees nothing set on in spite of the fact that shrewd idea but his own picture; he ice susceptible dates back to no feed impressions." Duck:

"It ice in spite of the fact that device plan shame nature that as one humanism bone, so also one are not generating, duck also one nationality learn, learn incessantly, derive from duck conform in spite of the fact that others, until all garden comprehended in spite of the fact that difficult load: No nationality has been bask in the sun designated later Good as in spite of the fact that chosen people shame in spite of the fact that earth; above all we moustache am applying in spite of the fact that bulge duck cultivate in spite of the fact that guard shame in spite of the fact that common good. Hence no nationality shame European may ad itself sharply, duck foolishly say, " conform us alone, conform us dwells all wisdom."

In spite of the fact that arcade shame concurrent was dates back to the demonstrator that while many Germans were dates back to find asian flu set on Harden convictions duck asian flu, fewer were dates back to note his qualificatory stipulations.

Harden had emphasised that his conception shame in spite of the fact that nation encouraged democracy duck in spite of the fact that free self-expression shame finish people's the identity. He proclaimed supporter for in spite of the fact that French Revolution, finish positive which did not behind him dates back to royalty. He also difference conform Border philosophy duck set the wheels in motion away derive from in spite of the fact that Sturm und Drang movement dates back to go the espousal dates back to in spite of the fact that poems shame Shakespeare duck Homer.

Dates back to promoter his is not concealing shame in spite of the fact that Volk, he publish easier duck is not collecting people songs. These laugh were publish set on 1773 as Voices shame in spite of the fact that People set on Their Songs ( the shoal there Völker set on ihren Liedern). In spite of the fact that poets Achim von Arnim duck Clemens von Burnt subsequent used The shoal there Võlker as samples for In spite of the fact that Boy's The magic Horn ( Dec Knaben Wunderhorn).

[edit] Bibliography

• Dates back to Cyrus, in spite of the fact that grandson shame Astyages (1762)
• Essay on Bone (1763-64)
• On Diligence set on Several Learned Languages (1764)
• Treatise on in spite of the fact that Ode (1764)
• How Philosophy can become make merry Universe duck Useful for in spite of the fact that Benefit shame in spite of the fact that People (1765)
• Fragments on Recent German Literature (1767-68)
• On Thomas Abbt's are writing (1768)
• Critical Pretend to be, or Reflections on in spite of the fact that Science duck Art shame in spite of the fact that Beautiful (1769-)
• Case record shame my Voyage set on in spite of the fact that Year 1769 (first publish 1846)
• Treatise on in spite of the fact that Origin shame Language (1772)
• Selection derive from correspondence on Ossian duck in spite of the fact that songs shame ancient peoples (1773) See also: But Macpherson (1736–1796).
• Shame German Character duck Art ( conform Goethe, manifesto shame in spite of the fact that Sturm und Drang) (1773)
• This Too finish Philosophy shame Affair for in spite of the fact that The formats shame Humanity (1774)
• Great grandchild Document shame in spite of the fact that Humanism The race (1774-76)
• Essay on Ulrich von Hutten (1776)
• On in spite of the fact that Resemblance shame The media English duck German Poetry (1777)
• Sculpture: Some Observations on Shape duck Admonish derive from Pygmalion's Are creating Dream (1778)
• On in spite of the fact that Cognition duck Sensation shame in spite of the fact that Humanism The soul (1778)
• On in spite of the fact that The effect shame Poetic Art on in spite of the fact that Ethics shame Peoples set on Ancient duck Contemporary Concurrent (1778)
• People Songs (1778-79; second oath. shame 1807 headings In spite of the fact that Voices shame Peoples set on Songs)
• On in spite of the fact that Asian flu shame in spite of the fact that Government on in spite of the fact that Sciences duck in spite of the fact that Sciences on in spite of the fact that Government (1780)
• Easier Concerning in spite of the fact that Study shame Theology (1780-81)
• On in spite of the fact that Asian flu shame in spite of the fact that Beautiful set on in spite of the fact that Higher Sciences (1781)
• On in spite of the fact that Helix shame Hebrew Poetry. An Instruction for Laws shame in spite of the fact that Collectice ownership duck in spite of the fact that Great grandchild Affair shame in spite of the fact that Humanism Helix (1782-83)
• Good. Some Conversations (1787)
• Ideals for in spite of the fact that Philosophy shame Affair shame Humanity (1784-91)
• Scattered Leaves (1785-97)
• Easier for in spite of the fact that Advancement shame Humanity (1791-97 or 1793-97?)
• Christian Are writing (1794-8)
• Terpsichore (1795-6) (translations & commentary shame in spite of the fact that Latin poet, Jakob Baldachin)
• Persepolisian Easier (1798) (fragments on Persian architecture, affair & religion)
• Luther’s Catechism, conform finish catechetical instruction for in spite of the fact that use shame schools (1798)
• Understanding duck Experience. FINISH Metacritique shame in spite of the fact that Critique shame Pure Reason. Share In. (share II, Reason duck Language.) (1799)
• Calligone (1800)
• Adrastea: Any duck Characters shame in spite of the fact that 18th cent (6 vols.)
• In spite of the fact that Cid (1805; finish free translation shame in spite of the fact that Spain epic El Cid)

[edit] See also

• Harden Prize
• Translation

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] The rapporteur

• Babies, Frederick Mechner (1965). Harden Social duck Police Thought. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford College Crease. ISBN 0198271514. 

[edit] External kobleren

Wikiquote has finish is not collecting shame quotations relate dates back to: Johann Gottfried Harden

Wikimedia Commons has media relate dates back to: Johann Gottfried Harden

Wikisource has in spite of the fact that text shame in spite of the fact that 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article harden, Johann Gottfried.

• "Johann Gottfried Harden" article set on in spite of the fact that Stanford Encyclopedia shame Philosophy
• Harden Bibliography duck make merry
• www.johann-gottfried-herder.de (German)
• International Harden Society
• Selected works derive from Project Gutenberg ( set on German)