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North Sea
Location	Atlantic Ocean
Do not coordinate	56°N 3°E  56°N 03°E 56; 03 (North Sea)Do not coordinate: 56°N 3°E  56°N 03°E 56; 03 (North Sea)
Primary sources	Look sharp, Ythan, Elbe, Weser, Ems, Rhine/Waal, Meuse, Scheldt, Spey, Tay, Thames, Humber, Tees, Does not wear, Tyne
basilica countries	Norway, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Franchise duck in spite of the fact that United Kingdom (England, Scotland)
Max yearn	960km  (600mi )
Max width	580km  (360mi )
Surface acreage	750,000km 2 (290,000sqmi  )
Obverse depth	95m  (310ft )
Max depth	700m  (2,300ft )
Water bulge	94,000km 3 (23,000cumi  )
Salinity	3.4 dates back to 3.5%
Max temperature	17°C  (63°F )
Mine temperature	6°C  (43°F )
The rapporteur	safety that sea duck[1]

Map shame all do not coordinate set on " geography shame in spite of the fact that North Sea" derive from Google Map shame all do not coordinate set on " geography shame in spite of the fact that North Sea" derive from The bingo
Export all do not coordinate as KML
Export all do not coordinate as GeoRSS
Map shame all microformated do not coordinate

In spite of the fact that North Sea ice finish marginal, epeiric sea on in spite of the fact that European continental shelf. In spite of the fact that Idle Straight duck in spite of the fact that English Channel set on in spite of the fact that south duck in spite of the fact that Norwegian Sea set on in spite of the fact that north connect it dates back to in spite of the fact that Atlantic Ocean. It ice make merry than 970kilometres  (600mi ) long duck 580kilometres  (360mi ) wide, conform an acreage shame around 750,000square  the kilometre (290,000sqmi  ). FINISH large share shame in spite of the fact that European drainage basilica empties into in spite of the fact that North Sea including water derive from in spite of the fact that Baltic states Sea.

Much shame in spite of the fact that sea's coastal features are in spite of the fact that accomplishment shame glacial movements. Deep inlets duck sheer cliffs characteristicen in spite of the fact that Norwegian duck share shame in spite of the fact that Scottish coastline, whereas in spite of the fact that southern coasts consist shame sand beaches duck mudflats. These flatter acreage are particularly susceptible dates back to flooding, especially as finish accomplishment shame bumper the time. Elaborate system shame dikes garden been constructed dates back to protein coastal acreage.

In spite of the fact that Roman duck in spite of the fact that Vikings extended their territorial across in spite of the fact that sea. In spite of the fact that Hanseatic League, in spite of the fact that Netherlands, duck finance in spite of the fact that British sought dates back to dominant commerce on in spite of the fact that North Sea duck through it dates back to access in spite of the fact that markets duck resources shame in spite of the fact that world. Commercial enterprises, growing populations duck the sticking resources book token in spite of the fact that nations on in spite of the fact that North Sea in spite of the fact that desire dates back to control or access it for their own commercial, military, duck colonial ends.

Set on recent decades, its importance has shifted derive from in spite of the fact that military duck geopolitical dates back to in spite of the fact that purely economic. While traditional activities such as fishing duck shipping garden continued dates back to grow, newer resources such as fossil fuels duck wind duck wave energy garden also been discovered or developed.

The discord 1 Geography 1.1 Majority features 1.2 Extent 1.3 Hydrology 1.3.1 Temperature duck salinity 1.3.2 Water is not circulating duck the time 1.4 Coasts 2 Coastal management 2.1 Bumper the time 2.1.1 Tsunamis 3 Geology 4 Character affair 4.1 Fish duck shellfish 4.2 Birds 4.3 Navy mammals 4.4 The flora 4.5 Biodiversity duck conservation 5 Affair 5.1 Name 5.2 Early affair 5.3 Age shame avseilingsflagg 5.4 Contemporary era 6 Economy 6.1 Police rang 6.2 Oil duck gas 6.3 Fishing 6.4 Mine resources 6.5 Renewable energy 6.6 Tourism 6.7 Navy hit 7 See also 8 Notes 9 The rapporteur 10 Sulkine reading 11 External kobleren

[edit] Geography

In spite of the fact that North Sea ice bounded later in spite of the fact that Orkney Icelandic duck east coasts shame England duck Scotland dates back to in spite of the fact that west^[2] duck in spite of the fact that northern duck cent European mainland dates back to in spite of the fact that east duck south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, in spite of the fact that Netherlands, Belgium, duck Franchise.^[3] Set on in spite of the fact that southwest, beyond in spite of the fact that Straight shame Idle, in spite of the fact that North Sea becomes in spite of the fact that English Channel connecting dates back to in spite of the fact that Atlantic Ocean.^[2][3] Set on in spite of the fact that east, it connects dates back to in spite of the fact that Baltic states Sea via in spite of the fact that Skagerrak duck Kattegat,^[3] narrow straight that ad Denmark derive from Norway duck Sweden respectively.^[2] Set on in spite of the fact that north it ice brothel later in spite of the fact that Shetland Icelandic, duck connects conform in spite of the fact that Norwegian Sea, which lies set on in spite of the fact that very north-eastern share shame in spite of the fact that Atlantic.^[2][4]

It ice make merry than 970kilometres  (600mi ) long duck 580kilometres  (360mi ) wide, conform an acreage shame 750,000square  the kilometre (290,000sqmi  ) duck finish bulge shame 94,000cubic  the kilometre (23,000cumi  ).^[5] Around in spite of the fact that edges shame in spite of the fact that North Sea are sizeable Icelandic duck archipelagos, including Shetland, Orkney, duck in spite of the fact that Broad-minded Icelandic.^[3] In spite of the fact that North Sea receives freshwater derive from finish number shame European continental watersheds, as well as in spite of the fact that British Isles Icelandic watersheds. FINISH large share shame in spite of the fact that European drainage basilica empties into in spite of the fact that North Sea including water derive from in spite of the fact that Baltic states Sea. In spite of the fact that largest duck most important affecting in spite of the fact that North Sea are in spite of the fact that Elbe duck in spite of the fact that Rhine Meuse watershed.^[6] Around 184 million people live set on in spite of the fact that catchment acreage shame in spite of the fact that detach that flow into in spite of the fact that North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized acreage.^[7]

[edit] Majority features

For in spite of the fact that most share, in spite of the fact that sea lies on in spite of the fact that European continental shelf conform finish mean depth shame 90metres  (300ft ).^[2][8] In spite of the fact that only exception ice in spite of the fact that Norwegian tendency which extends collateral dates back to in spite of the fact that Norwegian shoreline derive from Oslo dates back to an acreage north shame Mountains.^[2] It ice between 20 duck 30 the kilometre (12 duck 19mi ) wide^[2] duck has finish maximum depth shame 725metres  (2,380ft ).^[8]

In spite of the fact that Dogger Bank, finish vast mother, or accumulation shame unconsolidated glacial debris, rises dates back to finish mere 15 dates back to 30 meters (50–100ft ) below in spite of the fact that surface.^[9][10] This feature has produced in spite of the fact that finer points fishing location shame in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[2] In spite of the fact that Long Suppress duck in spite of the fact that Broad Fourteens are large acreage conform roughly uniform depth set on fathoms, ( attenuate fathoms duck fourteen fathoms or 73 duck 26 m deep respectively). These great banks duck others make in spite of the fact that North Sea particularly hazardous dates back to navigation,^[11] which has been alleviated later in spite of the fact that implementation shame satellite navigation system.^[12] In spite of the fact that Devil's Hole 200miles  (320km ) east shame Boom, Scotland. In spite of the fact that feature ice finish serial shame asymmetrical trenches between 20 duck 30 the kilometre (12 duck 19mi ) long, 1 duck 2 the kilometre (0.62 duck 1.2mi ) wide duck hide dates back to 230metres  (750ft ) deep. ^[13]

[edit] Extent

In spite of the fact that International Hydrographic Organization definable in spite of the fact that the sticking shame in spite of the fact that North Sea as follows:^[14]

On in spite of the fact that Southwest. FINISH line joining in spite of the fact that Walde Lighthouse ( franchise, 1°55'E) duck Leathercoat The viewpoint (England, 51°10'N).

On in spite of the fact that Northwest. Derive from Dunnet Man (3°22'W) set on Scotland dates back to Tor The acridity (58°47'N) set on in spite of the fact that Icelandic shame Hoy, thence through this Icelandic dates back to in spite of the fact that Chameleon shame Hoy (58°55'N) on dates back to Breck The acridity on Mainland (58°58'N) through this Icelandic dates back to Costa Man (3°14'W) duck dates back to Inga The acridity (59'17'N) set on Westray through Westray, dates back to Bow Man, across dates back to Mull Man (North the viewpoint shame Papa Westray) duck on dates back to Seal Skerry (North the viewpoint shame North Ronaldsay) duck thence dates back to Horse Icelandic (South the viewpoint shame in spite of the fact that Shetland Icelandic).

On in spite of the fact that North. Derive from in spite of the fact that North the viewpoint (Fethaland The viewpoint) shame in spite of the fact that Mainland shame in spite of the fact that Shetland Icelandic, across dates back to Graveland The acridity (60°39'N) set on in spite of the fact that Icelandic shame Yell, through Yell dates back to Gloup The acridity (1°04'W) duck across dates back to Spoo The acridity (60°45'N) set on Unst Icelandic, through Unst dates back to Ape The acridity (60°51'N), on dates back to in spite of the fact that SW the viewpoint shame in spite of the fact that Rumblings duck dates back to Muckle Flugga (60°51′N 0°53′W  60.85°N 0.883°W 60.85; 0.883) all these bone included set on in spite of the fact that North Sea acreage; thence hide in spite of the fact that meridian shame 0°53' West dates back to in spite of the fact that collateral shame 61°00' North duck eastward along this collateral dates back to in spite of the fact that coast shame Norway, in spite of the fact that whole shame Viking Bank bone thus included set on in spite of the fact that North Sea.

On in spite of the fact that East. In spite of the fact that Western the sticking shame in spite of the fact that Skagerrak [ finish line joining Hanstholm (57°07′N 83°6′E  57.117°N 83.1°E 57.117; 83.1) duck in spite of the fact that Naze (Lindesnes, 58°N 7°E  58°N 7°E 58; 7)].

[edit] Hydrology

[edit] Temperature duck salinity

In spite of the fact that obverse temperature set on add ice 17°C  (63°F ) duck 6°C  (43°F ) set on in spite of the fact that winter.^[5] Climate change has been attributive dates back to finish rise set on in spite of the fact that obverse temperature shame in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[15] Air temperature set on January range on obverse between 0 dates back to 4°C  (32 dates back to 39°F ) duck set on July between 13 dates back to 18°C  (55 dates back to 64°F ). In spite of the fact that winter months see frequent gales duck bumper.^[2]

In spite of the fact that salinity averages between 34 dates back to 35grams  shame salt per litre shame water.^[5] In spite of the fact that salinity has in spite of the fact that highest variability where unify ice whiz water inflow, such as that in spite of the fact that Rhine duck Elbe estuaries, in spite of the fact that Baltic states Sea exit duck along in spite of the fact that coast shame Norway.^[16]

[edit] Water is not circulating duck the time

In spite of the fact that main pattern dates back to in spite of the fact that flow shame water set on in spite of the fact that North Sea ice an anti-clockwise rotation along in spite of the fact that edges.^[17]

In spite of the fact that North Sea ice an arm shame in spite of the fact that Atlantic Ocean receiving in spite of the fact that majority shame ocean current derive from in spite of the fact that northwest opening, duck finish download portion shame warm current derive from in spite of the fact that smaller opening that in spite of the fact that English Channel. These tidal currents leave along in spite of the fact that Norwegian coast.^[18] Surface duck deep water currents may move set on difference directions. Low salinity surface coastal waters move offshore, duck deeper, her high salinity waters move set on shore.^[19]

In spite of the fact that North Sea located on in spite of the fact that continental shelf has difference waves than those set on deep ocean water. In spite of the fact that wave speeds are diminished duck in spite of the fact that wave amplitudes are increased. Set on in spite of the fact that North Sea unify are two amphidromic system duck finish third incomplete amphidromic system.^[20][21] Set on in spite of the fact that North Sea in spite of the fact that obverse the time difference set on wave amplitude ice between 0 dates back to 8 meters (0 dates back to 26ft ).^[5]

In spite of the fact that Kelvin the time shame in spite of the fact that Atlantic ocean ice finish semidiurnal wave which bustle northward. Some shame in spite of the fact that energy derive from this wave bustle through in spite of the fact that English Channel into in spite of the fact that North Sea. In spite of the fact that wave calm bustle northward set on in spite of the fact that Atlantic Ocean, duck once paste in spite of the fact that British Isles, in spite of the fact that Kelvin wave set the wheels in motion east duck south duck once again either into in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[22]

[edit] Coasts

In spite of the fact that eastern duck western coasts shame in spite of the fact that North Sea are jagged, the formula later glaciers during in spite of the fact that ice ages. In spite of the fact that coastlines along in spite of the fact that southernmost share are am hiding conform in spite of the fact that remains shame the deposit glacial sediment.^[2] In spite of the fact that Norwegian mountains plunge into in spite of the fact that sea are creating deep inlets duck archipelagos. South shame Stavanger, in spite of the fact that coast softens, in spite of the fact that Icelandic become fewer.^[2] In spite of the fact that eastern Scottish coast ice similar, though load severe than Norway. Derive from north east shame England, in spite of the fact that cliffs become do not lower duck are composed shame load resistant mother, which erodes make merry easily, so that in spite of the fact that coasts garden make merry rounded contours.^[23][24] Set on Dutch, Belgium duck set on in spite of the fact that east shame England (East Anglia) in spite of the fact that littoral ice low duck march.^[2] In spite of the fact that east coast duck south-east shame in spite of the fact that North Sea (Wadden Sea) garden coastlines that are mainly sand duck straight owing dates back to longshore running, particularly along Belgium duck Denmark.^[25]

[edit] Coastal management

In spite of the fact that southern coastal acreage were originally amphibious flood plains duck swampy land. Set on acreage especially vulnerable dates back to bumper the time, people settled behind elevated be living duck on character acreage shame high was not embeding such as spits duck Geestland.^{[26]:[302,303]} As early as 500 BC, people were constructing artificial dwelling hills higher than in spite of the fact that prevailing flood flate ut.^{[26]:[306,308][27]} It was only around in spite of the fact that beginning shame in spite of the fact that High Dinner Ages, set on 1200 AD, that inhabitants began dates back to connect does not sing ring dikes into finish dike line along in spite of the fact that entire coast, unify set the wheels in motion amphibious region between in spite of the fact that land duck in spite of the fact that sea into permanent solid was not embeding.^[26]

In spite of the fact that contemporary admonish shame in spite of the fact that dikes supplement later abundance duck subsequent diversion channels, began dates back to appeal set on in spite of the fact that 17th duck 18th centuries, built set on in spite of the fact that Netherlands.^[28] In spite of the fact that North Sea Floods shame 1953 duck 1962 were impedance for sulkine raising shame in spite of the fact that dikes as well as in spite of the fact that shortening shame in spite of the fact that coast line so as dates back to personable as liten surface acreage as possible dates back to in spite of the fact that punishment shame in spite of the fact that sea duck in spite of the fact that bumper.^[29] Currently, 27% shame in spite of the fact that Netherlands ice below sea flate ut protected later dikes, dunes, duck beach flats.^[30]

Coastal management today consists shame several flate ut.^[31] In spite of the fact that dike slope reduces in spite of the fact that energy shame in spite of the fact that incoming sea, so that in spite of the fact that dike itself does not receive in spite of the fact that full of impact.^[31] Dikes that lie manage on in spite of the fact that sea are especially reinforced.^[31] In spite of the fact that dikes garden, above in spite of the fact that years, been repeatedly raised, sometimes hide dates back to 9metres  (30ft ) duck garden become flatter set on sequence dates back to bedrestilt reduce in spite of the fact that erosion shame in spite of the fact that waves.^[32][33] Where in spite of the fact that dunes are sufficient dates back to protein in spite of the fact that land behind them derive from in spite of the fact that sea, these dunes are hard blow conform beach graceful dates back to protein them derive from erosion later wind, water, duck foot hit.^[34]

[edit] Bumper the time

Bumper the time threaten, set on particular, in spite of the fact that coasts shame in spite of the fact that Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, duck Denmark duck low lying acreage shame eastern England particularly around In spite of the fact that Wash duck Fens.^[25] Bumper surges are caused later changes set on the barometer crease combined conform strap wind are creating wave is acting.^[35]

In spite of the fact that first juxtaposition bumper the time flood was in spite of the fact that Julianenflut, on 17 February 1164. Set on its wake in spite of the fact that Jadebusen, ( finish bay on in spite of the fact that coast shame Germany), began dates back to admonish. FINISH bumper the time set on 1228 ice juxtaposition dates back to garden are killing make merry than 100,000 people.^[36] Set on 1362, in spite of the fact that Second Marcellus Flood, also known as in spite of the fact that Grotesque Manndränke, does not hit in spite of the fact that entire southern coast shame in spite of the fact that North Sea. Chronicles shame in spite of the fact that concurrent again juxtaposition make merry than 100,000 deaths as large share shame in spite of the fact that coast were lost permanently dates back to in spite of the fact that sea, including in spite of the fact that now legendary lost city shame Rungholt.^[37] Set on in spite of the fact that twentieth cent, in spite of the fact that North Sea flood shame 1953 flooded several nations' coasts duck cost make merry than 2,000 lives.^[38] 315 citizens shame The hamburger died set on in spite of the fact that North Sea flood shame 1962.^[39]:[79,86]

[edit] Tsunamis

In spite of the fact that Big Slides were finish serial shame underwater landslides, set on which finish piece shame in spite of the fact that Norwegian continental shelf slid into in spite of the fact that Norwegian Sea. In spite of the fact that immense landslips occurred between 8150 BC duck 6000 BC, duck caused finish tsunami hide dates back to 20metres  (66ft ) high that swept through in spite of the fact that North Sea, having in spite of the fact that greatest the effect on Scotland duck in spite of the fact that Faeroe Icelandic.^[40][41] In spite of the fact that Idle Straight earthquake shame 1580 ice among in spite of the fact that first juxtaposition earthquakes set on in spite of the fact that North Sea measuring between 5.3 duck 5.9 on in spite of the fact that Richter Scale. This any caused extensive do not damage set on Calais both through its tremors duck two tsunamis^[42] In spite of the fact that largest earthquake ever juxtaposition set on in spite of the fact that United Kingdom was in spite of the fact that 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake, which measured 6.1 on in spite of the fact that Richter Scale duck caused finish tsunami that flooded share shame in spite of the fact that British coast.^[42][43]

[edit] Geology

Shallow epicontinental seas equal in spite of the fact that current North Sea garden since long existed on in spite of the fact that European continental shelf. In spite of the fact that tear that the formula in spite of the fact that northern share shame in spite of the fact that Atlantic Ocean during in spite of the fact that Jurassic duck Cretaceous period, derive from about 150 million years ago, caused tectonic uplift set on in spite of the fact that British Isles.^[44] Since then, finish shallow sea has almost continuously existed between in spite of the fact that highs shame in spite of the fact that Fennoscandian Shield duck in spite of the fact that British Isles.^[45] This precursor shame in spite of the fact that current North Sea has grown duck shrunk conform in spite of the fact that rise duck crash down shame in spite of the fact that eustatic sea flate ut during geologic concurrent. Sometimes it was connected conform other shallow seas, such as in spite of the fact that sea above in spite of the fact that Paris Basilica dates back to in spite of the fact that south-west, in spite of the fact that Paratethys Sea dates back to in spite of the fact that south-east, or in spite of the fact that Tethys Ocean dates back to in spite of the fact that south.^[46]

During in spite of the fact that Late Cretaceous, about 85 million years ago, all shame contemporary mainland European except for Scandinavia was finish scattering shame Icelandic.^[47] Later in spite of the fact that Early Oligocene, 34to28   million years ago, in spite of the fact that emergence shame Western duck Cent European had almost completely ad in spite of the fact that North Sea derive from in spite of the fact that Tethys Ocean, which gradually shrank dates back to become in spite of the fact that Mediterranean Sea as Southern European duck South West The Asia became dry land.^[48] In spite of the fact that North Sea was cut off derive from in spite of the fact that English Channel later finish narrow land bridge until that was breached later that least two catastrophic floods between 450,000 duck 180,000 years ago.^[49][50] Since in spite of the fact that start shame in spite of the fact that Quarternary period about 2.6 million years ago, in spite of the fact that eustatic sea flate ut has falling during each glacial period duck then risen again. Every concurrent in spite of the fact that ice sheet reached its greatest extent, in spite of the fact that North Sea became almost completely dry. In spite of the fact that personable-day coastline the formula evening in spite of the fact that Blame Glacial Maximum when in spite of the fact that sea began dates back to flood in spite of the fact that European continental shelf.^[51]

[edit] Character affair

[edit] Fish duck shellfish

Copepods duck other zooplankton are plentiful set on in spite of the fact that North Sea. These tiny the organism are crucial element shame in spite of the fact that food chain supporting many species shame fish.^[52] Above 230 species shame fish live set on in spite of the fact that North Sea. Cod, owned, whiting, saithe, plaice, bask in the sun, mackerel, mister, pouting, was jumping, duck sand are all very common duck are those which are fished commercially.^[52][53] Due dates back to in spite of the fact that variable depths shame in spite of the fact that North Sea trenches duck differences set on salinity, temperature, duck water movement, some fish such as blue-mouth redfish duck rabbitfish the residence only set on small acreage shame in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[54]

Crustaceans are also commonly found throughout in spite of the fact that sea. Norway lobster, deep-water prawns, duck brown were shriving are all commercially fished, but other species shame lobster, were shriving, oyster, mussels duck clams all live set on in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[52] Recently non-indigenous species garden become is establishing including in spite of the fact that Pacific oyster duck Atlantic jackknife clam.^[53]

[edit] Birds

In spite of the fact that coasts shame in spite of the fact that North Sea are home dates back to nature reserves including in spite of the fact that Ythan Estuary, Fowlsheugh Nature Present-tense, duck Farne Icelandic set on in spite of the fact that THE UNITED KINGDOM duck In spite of the fact that Wadden Sea National Park set on Germany.^[52] These locations provision breeding suit for dozens shame bird species. The voltage shame million shame birds make use shame in spite of the fact that North Sea for breeding, feeding, or migratory stopovers every year. Populations shame Black get Kittiwakes, Atlantic Poke, Northern fulmars, duck species shame petrels, gannets, seaducks, loons (divers), cormorants, gold, auction, duck cube, duck many other seabirds make these coasts popular for birdwatching.^[52][53]

[edit] Navy mammals

In spite of the fact that North Sea ice also home dates back to navy mammals. Common seals, duck Harbour porpoises can be found along in spite of the fact that coasts, that navy time, duck on Icelandic. In spite of the fact that very northern North Sea Icelandic equal in spite of the fact that Shetlands are occasionally home dates back to finish larger fluctuate shame pinnipeds including bearded, harp, hooded duck call to seals, duck even walrus.^[55] North Sea cetaceans include variable porpoise, dolphin duck whale species.^[53][56]

[edit] The flora

Plantation species set on in spite of the fact that North Sea include species shame wrack, among them blade wrack, knob wrack, duck serrated wrack. Algae, macroalgal, duck kelp, such as oarweed duck laminaria hyperboria, duck species shame maerl are found as well.^[53] Eelgrass, forming common set on in spite of the fact that entirety shame in spite of the fact that Wadden Sea, was nearly wiped procure set on in spite of the fact that 20th cent later finish disease.^[57] Similarly, sea graceful used dates back to coat huge tracts shame ocean floor, but garden been do not damage later trawling duck dredging garden diminished its suit duck preventive its come back.^[58] Invasive Japanese seaweed has are spreading along in spite of the fact that shores shame in spite of the fact that sea clogging harbours duck inlets duck has become finish nuisance.^[59]

[edit] Biodiversity duck conservation

Flamingos, pelicans, duck Great Auk were once found along in spite of the fact that southern shores shame in spite of the fact that North Sea, but went extinct above in spite of the fact that 2nd millennium.^[60] Gray whale also the residence set on in spite of the fact that North Sea but were adrift dates back to extinction set on in spite of the fact that Atlantic set on in spite of the fact that 1600s^[61] Other species garden seeing dramatic declines set on population, though they are calm dates back to be found; right whales, sturgeon, shad, rays, bureau duck salmon among other species were common set on in spite of the fact that North Sea into in spite of the fact that 20th cent, when numbers declined due dates back to overfishing.^[62][63] Other factors equal in spite of the fact that introduction shame non-indigenous species, industry duck agricultural pollution, trawling duck dredging, humanism-induced eutrophication, construction on coastal breeding duck feeding was not embeding, sand duck burrow extraction, offshore construction, duck heavy shipping hit garden also contributed dates back to in spite of the fact that decline.^[53] In spite of the fact that OSPAR commission the manager in spite of the fact that OSPAR convention dates back to counteract in spite of the fact that resentment the effect shame humanism activity on wildlife set on in spite of the fact that North Sea, present-tense endangered species, duck provision environmental protection.^[64] All North Sea brothel the specification are signatories shame in spite of the fact that MARPOL 73/78 Accords which preserves in spite of the fact that navy environment later preventive pollution derive from shipping.^[65] Germany, Denmark, duck in spite of the fact that Netherlands also garden finish trilateral agreement for in spite of the fact that protection shame in spite of the fact that Wadden Sea, or mudflats, which run along in spite of the fact that coasts shame in spite of the fact that three countries on in spite of the fact that southern edge shame in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[66]

[edit] Affair

[edit] Name

Through affair variable names garden been used for in spite of the fact that North Sea. One shame in spite of the fact that earliest juxtaposition names was Septentrionalis Oceanus, or "Northern Ocean" which was cited later Pliny.^[67]

[edit] Early affair

In spite of the fact that North Sea has provision waterway access for commerce duck conquest. Many acreage garden access dates back to in spite of the fact that North Sea conform its long coastline duck European detach which empty into it.^[2] In spite of the fact that British Isles had been protected derive from invasion later in spite of the fact that North Sea waters^[2] until in spite of the fact that Roman conquest shame Britisher set on 43 AD. In spite of the fact that Roman is establishing fix up ports, shipping increased duck sustained trade began.^[68] When in spite of the fact that Roman abandoned Britisher set on 410 in spite of the fact that Germanic Angles, Saxons, duck Jutes began in spite of the fact that next great migration across in spite of the fact that North Sea during in spite of the fact that Migration Period invade England.^[69]

In spite of the fact that Viking Age began set on 793 conform in spite of the fact that attack on Lindisfarne duck for in spite of the fact that next quarter-millennium in spite of the fact that Vikings ruled in spite of the fact that North Sea. Set on their superior longships, they raided, traded, duck is establishing colonies duck outposts on in spite of the fact that Sea's coasts. Derive from in spite of the fact that Dinner Ages through in spite of the fact that 15th cent, in spite of the fact that north European coastal ports exported domestic goods, dyes, line, salt, metal goods duck wine. In spite of the fact that Scandinavian duck Baltic states acreage shipping grain, fish, naval necessities, duck timber. Set on set the wheels in motion in spite of the fact that north Sea countries import high degree cloths, spices, duck fruits derive from in spite of the fact that Mediterranean region^[70] Commerce during this era was mainly undertaken later maritime trade due dates back to underdeveloped roadways.^[70]

Set on in spite of the fact that 13th cent in spite of the fact that Hanseatic League, though cent on in spite of the fact that Baltic states Sea, begin dates back to control most shame in spite of the fact that trade through important membrane duck outposts on in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[71] In spite of the fact that League lost its dominant set on in spite of the fact that 16th cent, as neighbouring the specification took control shame forming Hanseatic cities duck outposts duck internal conflict preventive effective cooperation duck defect.^[72] Furthermore, as in spite of the fact that League lost control shame its maritime cities new trade routes emerged which provision European conform The Asia, The United States, duck Africa goods.^[73][74]

[edit] Age shame avseilingsflagg

In spite of the fact that 17th cent Dutch Sterile Age during which Dutch mister, cod duck whale fisheries reached an all concurrent high^[70] saw Dutch power that its zenith.^[75][76] Important close one's eyes to colonies, finish vast merchant navy, powerful navy duck large profit made in spite of the fact that Dutch in spite of the fact that main challengers dates back to an ambitious England. This rivalry led dates back to in spite of the fact that first three Anglo-Dutch Warshaw between 1652 duck 1673 which behind conform Dutch overcome.^[76] Evening in spite of the fact that Halo Revolution in spite of the fact that Dutch prince William ascended dates back to in spite of the fact that English throne. Conform both countries united, commercial, military, duck police power shifted derive from Amsterdam dates back to London.^[77] In spite of the fact that Great Northern War1700–21() duck in spite of the fact that War shame in spite of the fact that Spain Succession (1701–1714) were fought concurrently.^[78] In spite of the fact that British did not face finish challenge dates back to their dominant shame in spite of the fact that North Sea until in spite of the fact that twentieth cent.^[79]

[edit] Contemporary era

The voltage set on in spite of the fact that North Sea were again heightened set on 1904 later in spite of the fact that Dogger Bank incident, set on which Russian naval vessels shrewd idea British fishing boats for Japanese shipping duck the quarter on them, duck then upon each other.

During in spite of the fact that First World War, Great Britain's Whiz-bang Fleet duck Germany's Kaiserliche Navy faced each other on in spite of the fact that North Sea,^[80] which became in spite of the fact that main theatre shame in spite of the fact that war for surface is acting.^[80] Britain's larger fleet was able dates back to is establishing an effective blockade for most shame in spite of the fact that war that restricted in spite of the fact that Cent Powers' access dates back to many crucial resources.^[81] Majority the blow included in spite of the fact that The blow shame Heligoland Bight,^[82] in spite of the fact that The blow shame in spite of the fact that Dogger Bank,^[83] duck in spite of the fact that The blow shame Jutland.^[83] World War One was also in spite of the fact that first set on which submarine warfare was used extensively duck finish number shame submarine is acting occurred set on in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[84]

In spite of the fact that Second World War also saw is acting set on in spite of the fact that North Sea,^[85] though it was restricted make merry dates back to aircraft reconnaissances, aircraft were fighting/ a bomb, submarines duck smaller vessels such as minesweepers, duck torpedo boats duck similar vessels.^[86]

Set on in spite of the fact that blame years shame in spite of the fact that war duck in spite of the fact that first years thereafter, hundredth shame thousands shame tons shame weapons were dispose shame later bone lowered set on in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[87]

Evening in spite of the fact that war, in spite of the fact that North Sea lost much shame its military significance because it ice brothel only later NATO membrane- the specification. However, it gained significant economic importance set on in spite of the fact that 1960s as in spite of the fact that the specification on in spite of the fact that North Sea began full of-scale exploitation shame its oil duck gas resources.^[88] In spite of the fact that North Sea continues dates back to be an is acting trade route.^[89]

[edit] Economy

[edit] Police rang

In spite of the fact that countries bordering in spite of the fact that North Sea all claim in spite of the fact that 12nautical  mil (22km ; 14mi ) shame territorial waters conform which they garden exclusive fishing rights.^[90] In spite of the fact that Common Fisheries Policy shame in spite of the fact that European Union ( Den europeiske union) exists dates back to do not coordinate fishing rights duck assistance conform disputes between DEN EUROPEISKE UNION the specification duck in spite of the fact that DEN EUROPEISKE UNION brothel the specification shame Norway.^[91]

Evening in spite of the fact that discovery shame mine resources set on in spite of the fact that North Sea, Convention on in spite of the fact that Continental Shelf is establishing country rights which are largely dividend along in spite of the fact that median line. In spite of the fact that median line ice definable as in spite of the fact that line "every the viewpoint shame which ice equidistant derive from in spite of the fact that nearest the viewpoint shame in spite of the fact that baselines derive from which in spite of the fact that breadth shame in spite of the fact that territorial sea shame each The specification ice measured."^[92] In spite of the fact that ocean floor brothel between Germany, in spite of the fact that Netherlands, duck Denmark was only reapportioned evening protracted negotiations duck finish judgement shame in spite of the fact that International Court shame Adjust.^[90][93]

[edit] Oil duck gas

As early as 1859, oil was discovered set on onshore acreage around in spite of the fact that North Sea duck character gas as early as 1910.^[47]

Test drill began set on 1966 duck then, set on 1969, Phillips Petroleum Is not comparing discovered in spite of the fact that Ekofisk oil field^[94] distinguished later valuable, low-sulphur oil.^[95] Commercial exploitation began set on 1971 conform reflections duck, evening 1975, later finish pipeline, first dates back to Teesside, England duck then, evening 1977, also dates back to Emden, Germany.^[96]

In spite of the fact that exploitation shame in spite of the fact that North Sea oil reserves began adjust carry in spite of the fact that 1973 oil crisis, duck in spite of the fact that climb shame international oil dead bargain made in spite of the fact that large investments needed for extraction much make merry attractive.^[97]

Although in spite of the fact that production costs are comparative high, in spite of the fact that quality shame in spite of the fact that oil, in spite of the fact that police stability shame in spite of the fact that region, duck in spite of the fact that nearness shame important markets set on western European has made in spite of the fact that North Sea an important oil producing region.^[95] In spite of the fact that largest does not sing humanitarian catastrophe set on in spite of the fact that North Sea oil industry was in spite of the fact that destruction shame in spite of the fact that offshore oil platform Pipes Alpha set on 1988 set on which 167 people lost their lives.^[98]

Besides in spite of the fact that Ekofisk oil field, in spite of the fact that Statfjord oil field ice also bill as it was in spite of the fact that cause shame in spite of the fact that first pipeline dates back to treat in spite of the fact that Norwegian tendency.^[99] In spite of the fact that largest character gas field set on in spite of the fact that North Sea, Believable gas field, lies set on in spite of the fact that Norwegian tendency drop above 300metres  (980ft ) requiring in spite of the fact that construction shame in spite of the fact that enormous Believable FINISH platform dates back to access it.

In spite of the fact that dead bargain shame Burnt Crude, one shame in spite of the fact that first writing shame oil extracted derive from in spite of the fact that North Sea, ice used today as finish standard dead bargain for comparison for crude oil derive from in spite of the fact that arrears shame in spite of the fact that world.^[100] In spite of the fact that North Sea contains western European largest oil duck character gas reserves duck ice one shame in spite of the fact that world's key non-OPEC producing region.^[101]

[edit] Fishing

In spite of the fact that North Sea ice European main fishery accounting for above five percent shame international commercial fish caught.^[2] Fishing set on in spite of the fact that North Sea ice concentrated set on in spite of the fact that southern share shame in spite of the fact that coastal waters. In spite of the fact that main method shame fishing ice trawling.^[102]

Set on 1995, in spite of the fact that total bulge shame fish duck shellfish caught set on in spite of the fact that North Sea was approximately 3.5 million tonnes.^[103] Besides fish, it ice estimation that one million tonnes shame unmarketable later-catch ice caught duck discarded each year.^[104]

Set on recent decades, overfishing has left many fisheries unproductive, disturbing navy food chain dynamic duck costing jobs set on in spite of the fact that fishing industry.^[105] Mister, cod duck plaice fisheries may soon face in spite of the fact that collectice ownership plight as mackerel fishing which ceased set on in spite of the fact that 1970s due dates back to overfishing.^[106] In spite of the fact that objective shame in spite of the fact that European Union Common Fisheries Policy ice dates back to minimize in spite of the fact that environmental impact associated conform resource use later reducing fish discards, increasing productivity shame fisheries, stabilize markets shame fisheries duck fish multipro, duck supplying fish that reasonable dead bargain for in spite of the fact that consumer.^[107]

[edit] Mine resources

Set on additive dates back to oil, gas, duck fish, in spite of the fact that the specification along in spite of the fact that North Sea also roof million shame cubic meters per year shame sand duck burrow derive from in spite of the fact that ocean floor. These are used for beach nourishment, land reclamation duck construction.^[108] Part pieces shame amber, usually small but occasionally shame very large size, may be pickup hide on in spite of the fact that east coast shame England.^[109] It ice also found that variable localities along in spite of the fact that amber belt shame in spite of the fact that Danish, Swedish duck Broad-minded Icelandic shorelines.^{[109]:[147,151][110]}

[edit] Renewable energy

Due dates back to in spite of the fact that strap prevailing winds, countries on in spite of the fact that North Sea, particularly Germany duck Denmark, garden used in spite of the fact that acreage near in spite of the fact that coast for wind power since in spite of the fact that 1990s.^[111] Other wind farms garden been commissioned, including Windpark Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ)^[112] duck Scroby Sand.^[113] However, in spite of the fact that usage shame offshore wind farms has met some resistance. Is not concealing include shipping collisions,^[114] reliability,^[115] environmental the effect on ocean ecology duck wildlife such as fish duck migratory birds,^[116][117] duck in spite of the fact that rising costs shame constructing wind farms.^[118] Nonetheless, development shame North Sea wind power ice continuing, conform chart for additional wind farms off in spite of the fact that coasts shame Germany, in spite of the fact that Netherlands, duck in spite of the fact that The United Kingdom.^{[119][120][121]} Unify garden also been proposals for finish transnational power grid set on in spite of the fact that North Sea dates back to connect new offshore wind farms.^[122][123]

Energy production derive from tidal power ice calm set on finish pre-commercial stage. In spite of the fact that European Navy Energy Cent has install finish wave testing system that Cheap Croo on in spite of the fact that Orkney mainland^[124] duck finish tidal power testing static on in spite of the fact that nearby Icelandic shame Eday.^[125] Since 2003, finish prototype Wave The draughts energy converter has been set on operational that Nissum Bredning inlets shame northern Denmark.^[126]

[edit] Tourism

In spite of the fact that beaches duck coastal waters shame in spite of the fact that North Sea are popular destinations for tourists. In spite of the fact that Belgium, Dutch, German duck Danish coasts^[127][128] are especially developed for tourism. In spite of the fact that North Sea The preview ice finish long-distance the preview kobleren seven countries around in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[129] Windsurfing duck avseilingsflagg^[130] are popular was tracing because shame in spite of the fact that strap winds. Mudflat hiking,^[131] recreational fishing duck birdwatching^[128] are among other popular activities.

In spite of the fact that climatic conditions on in spite of the fact that North Sea coast are frequently claimed dates back to be especially healthful. As early as in spite of the fact that 19th cent, travellers used their stays on in spite of the fact that North Sea coast as curative duck restorative vacations. In spite of the fact that sea air, temperature, wind, water, duck sunshine are counted among in spite of the fact that beneficial conditions that are said dates back to activate in spite of the fact that body's defences, improve is not circulating, severe in spite of the fact that immune system, duck garden healing the effect on in spite of the fact that skin duck in spite of the fact that respiratory system.^[132]

[edit] Navy hit

In spite of the fact that North Sea ice important for navy hit duck its shipping lanes are among in spite of the fact that busiest set on in spite of the fact that world.^[90] Majority ports are located along its coasts: Rats, in spite of the fact that third busiest port set on in spite of the fact that world, Antwerp duck The hamburger, both set on in spite of the fact that top 25, Edged/Bremerhaven duck Felixstowe, both set on in spite of the fact that top 30 busiest container seaports,^[133] as well as in spite of the fact that Port shame Bruges-Zeebrugge, European leading RoRo port.^[134]

Hit set on in spite of the fact that North Sea can be difficult set on high her hit zones so ports regulate hit duck monitor vessels set on in spite of the fact that North Sea lanes.^[135] Fishing boats, oil duck gas platforms as well as merchant hit derive from Baltic states ports share routes on in spite of the fact that North Sea. In spite of the fact that Idle Straight sees make merry than 400 vessels finish day.^[136]

In spite of the fact that North Sea coasts are home dates back to numeric Canadian duck Canadian system dates back to facilitate hit between duck among detach, artificial harbours, duck in spite of the fact that sea. In spite of the fact that Kiel Canadian, connecting in spite of the fact that North Sea conform in spite of the fact that Baltic states Sea, ice in spite of the fact that most heavily used artificial seaway set on in spite of the fact that world.^[137] It saves an obverse shame 250nautical  mil (460km ; 290mi ), instead shame in spite of the fact that voyage around in spite of the fact that Jutland Peninsula.^[138] In spite of the fact that North Sea Canadian connects Amsterdam conform in spite of the fact that North Sea.^[139]

[edit] See also

• Doggerland
• List shame languages shame in spite of the fact that North Sea
• North Sea Commission
• Principality shame Sealand
• Geography Portal
• Nautical Portal
• Norway Portal

[edit] Notes

[edit] The rapporteur

• North" Sea". Country Analysis Briefs. Energy Information Administrative (EIA). January 2007. http:/www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/ note-book/absolute_advantage/. Retrieved 2008 01-23. 
• NORTH" SEA FACTS". Royal Belgium Institute shame Character Sciences. Management Unit shame North Sea Mathematical Forme. http:/www.mumm.ac.be/A/NorthSea/facts.php/. Retrieved 2009-02-15. 

[edit] Sulkine reading

• Starkey, David J.; Morten Hahn-Pedersen (2005). Bridging troubled waters: Conflict duck co- operational set on in spite of the fact that North Sea Region since 1550. Esbjerg [Denmark]: Angler- and Søfartsmuseets. ISBN 8790982304. 
• Ilyina, Tatjana P (2007). In spite of the fact that cask shame persistent organ pollutants set on in spite of the fact that North Sea multiple car year forme simulations shame [gamma]-HCH, [alpha]-HCH duck PCB 153Tatjana P Ilyina;. Berlin ; New York: jumping ISBN 9783540681632. 
• Karlsdóttir, Hrefna M. (2005). Fishing on common was not embeding: in spite of the fact that consequences shame unregulated fisheries shame North Sea Mister set on in spite of the fact that postwar period. Göteborg: Ekonomisk- Historic Inst., Göteborg Universe.. ISBN 9185196622. 
• Tiedeke, Thorsten; Werner Weiler (2007). North Sea coast: landscape panoramas. Nelson: NZ Visit; Lancaster: Gazelle Drank Academic. ISBN 9781877339653. 
• oath later Erik Thoen ... (2007). Rural affair set on in spite of the fact that North Sea acreage: finish the specification shame in spite of the fact that art ( dinner Ages – beginning 20th cent). Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 9782503510057. 
• Waddington, Clive; Christening Pedersen (2007). Mesolithic study set on in spite of the fact that North Sea Basilica duck beyond: the step shame finish conference held that Newcastle set on 2003. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 1842172247. 
• Zeelenberg, Sjoerd (2005). Offshore wind energy set on in spite of the fact that North Sea Region: in spite of the fact that the specification shame affairs shame offshore wind energy projects, national policies duck economic, environmental duck technological conditions set on Denmark, Germany, In spite of the fact that Netherlands, Belgium duck in spite of the fact that United Kingdom. Groningen: College shame Groningen. OCLC 71640714. 

[edit] External kobleren

Wikimedia Commons has media relate dates back to: North Sea

Look hide north sea set on Wiktionary, in spite of the fact that free dictionary.

• In spite of the fact that North Sea set on brief
• See Interactive Map above Oil duck Gas Resources set on in spite of the fact that North Sea
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• North Sea Commission Environment Was not embeding Membrane Image 2006PDF910KB ( )
• Old map: Manuscript charter shame in spite of the fact that North Sea, VOC, ca.1690 (high determined zoomable scan)
• Conquer shame geography, hydrography duck climate shame in spite of the fact that North SeaPDF2.9MB ( )
• Atlas shame Palaeogeography duck Lithofacies Hydrodynamic Environment page 150
• Sea temperature duck salinity tendency
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• in spite of the fact that Jurassic-Cretaceous North Sea Tear Domain duck associated Basilica EvolutionPDF2.5MB ( )
• OSPAR Commission Homepage an international commission design dates back to protein duck was consenting in spite of the fact that North-East Atlantic duck its resources
• In spite of the fact that Physical Geography shame Western European Later Eduard Finish. Costs
• North Sea Region Programs 2007-2013 transnational cooperation programs under in spite of the fact that European Region Development Meditate