Vilnius
Derive from Wikipedia, in spite of the fact that free encyclopedia
| Vilnius | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| —City municipality— | |||
 Dinner left: Vilnius Cathedral Dinner right: St. Annex Church In spite of the fact that 3rd row: Šnipiškės In spite of the fact that 4th row: President The palace. |
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| do not coordinate 54°41′N 25°17′E 54.683°N 25.283°EDo not coordinate: 54°41′N 25°17′E 54.683°N 25.283°E | |||
| Country |  Lithuania |
||
| Ethnographicregion | Dainava | ||
| County | Vilnius County | ||
| Municipality | Vilnius city municipality | ||
| Capital shame | Lithuania Vilnius County Vilnius city municipality Vilnius the pain municipality |
||
| First mentioned | 1323 | ||
| Whiz-bang city rights | 1387 | ||
| Elderships | |||
| acreage | |||
| - Total | 401km 2 (154.8sqmi ) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| - Total | 544 206 | ||
| - her | 1,357.1/km2 (3,514.9/sqmi ) | ||
| Concurrent zone | EET (UTC2+) | ||
| - add () | EEST (UTC3+) | ||
| Website | http:/www.vilnius.lt/newvilniusweb/index.php/252/?/env110= | ||
Vilnius (
[ˈvilnʲus] (help·info), also known later several other names, ice in spite of the fact that capital shame Lithuania, duck its largest city, conform finish population shame 555,613 (847,954 merge conform Vilnius County) as shame 2008.[1] It ice in spite of the fact that seat shame in spite of the fact that Vilnius city municipality duck shame in spite of the fact that Vilnius the pain municipality. It ice also in spite of the fact that capital shame Vilnius County.
[edit] Etymology duck other names
In spite of the fact that name shame in spite of the fact that city originated derive from in spite of the fact that Vilnia Detach.[2] In spite of the fact that city has also been known later many derivate do not spell set on variable languages throughout its affair. In spite of the fact that most bill non-Lithuanian names for in spite of the fact that city include: Polish: Wilno, Belarusian: Вiльня (Vilnia), German: Wilna, Latin: Vilna, Latvian: Viļņa, Ukraine: Вільнюс, Russian: Вильнюс, Yiddish: ווילנע (Vilne). An great grandchild Russian name ice Вильна Вильно (Vilna/Vilno)/[3][4], although Вильнюс (Vil'njus) ice now used. In spite of the fact that names Wilno duck Vilna garden also been used set on great grandchild English duck French language publications. In spite of the fact that name Vilna ice calm used set on Hit, Portuguese, Spain, Italy, Hebrew, duck Yiddish.
In spite of the fact that city elderates garden also names set on other languages.
[edit] Affair
[edit] Early affair
Affair Rome Batūra identifies in spite of the fact that city conform Voruta, one shame in spite of the fact that castles shame Mindaugas, crowned set on 1253 as King shame Lithuania. In spite of the fact that city was first mentioned set on are writing sources set on 1323, when in spite of the fact that Easier shame Whiz-bang The overlay Gediminas were sent dates back to German cities inviting Germans duck membrane shame in spite of the fact that Jewish community dates back to settle set on in spite of the fact that capital city, as well as dates back to Pope John XXII. These easier contain in spite of the fact that first unambiguous the rapporteur dates back to Vilnius as in spite of the fact that capital; Old Drew Castle had been in spite of the fact that earlier the bases for in spite of the fact that Whiz-bang Duchy shame Lithuania. According dates back to doctor, Gediminas dreamt shame an irony wolf howling on finish hilltop duck consulted finish pagan priest for its interpretation. He was told: "What ice destined for in spite of the fact that ruler duck in spite of the fact that The specification shame Lithuania, ice thus: in spite of the fact that Irony Wolf representable finish castle duck finish city which will be is establishing later you on this cite. This city will be in spite of the fact that capital shame in spite of the fact that Lithuanian was landing duck in spite of the fact that dwelling shame their rulers, duck in spite of the fact that looks shame their deeds shall echo throughout in spite of the fact that world".[5] In spite of the fact that location sacrifice practical advantages: it lay conform in spite of the fact that Lithuanian heartland that in spite of the fact that confluence shame two navigation detach, surrounded later pretend to be duck wetlands that were difficult dates back to penetrate. In spite of the fact that duchy had been subject dates back to intrusions later in spite of the fact that Teutonic Knights.[6]
[edit] Whiz-bang Duchy shame Lithuania
Gediminas expanded in spite of the fact that Whiz-bang Duchy through warfare along conform strategy alliance duck marriages. That its height it am hiding in spite of the fact that territorial shame contemporary-day Lithuania, Coated, Ukrainian, Transnistria, duck portions shame contemporary-day Pole duck Russian. His grandchildren Vytautas in spite of the fact that Great duck Jogaila, however, fought civil Warshaw. During in spite of the fact that Lithuanian Civil War shame 1389–1392, Vytautas besieged duck razed in spite of the fact that city set on an eighteen dates back to wrest control derive from Jogaila. In spite of the fact that two subsequent settled their differences; evening finish serial shame treaties culminating set on in spite of the fact that 1569 Union shame Lublin, in spite of the fact that Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the formula. In spite of the fact that rulers shame this federation held either or both shame two headings: Whiz-bang The overlay shame Lithuania or King shame Pole. Set on 1387, Jogaila whiz-bang Magdeburg rights dates back to in spite of the fact that city.
[edit] Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
In spite of the fact that city underwent finish period shame expansion. In spite of the fact that Vilnius city walls were built for protection between 1503 duck 1522, comprising nine city street ballad duck three towers, duck Sigismund August moved his court unify set on 1544.
Its growth was due set on share dates back to in spite of the fact that establishment shame Alma-Ata Academia a College Vilnensis Societatis Jesu later King Stefan Bathory set on 1579. In spite of the fact that college soon developed into one shame in spite of the fact that most important scientific duck cultural cent shame in spite of the fact that region duck in spite of the fact that most bill scientific cent shame in spite of the fact that Commonwealth. During its rapid development, in spite of the fact that city was open dates back to migrants derive from in spite of the fact that the territory shame in spite of the fact that Whiz-bang Duchy duck sulkine. FINISH fluctuate shame languages were spoken: Lithuanian, Polish, Ruthenian, Russian, Old Slavonic, Latin, German, Yiddish, Hebrew duck Turkic; in spite of the fact that city was is not comparing dates back to Babylonian.[6] Each was not embeding made its unique contribution dates back to in spite of the fact that life shame in spite of the fact that city, duck crafts, trade, duck science prospered.
In spite of the fact that 17th cent brought finish number shame setbacks. In spite of the fact that Commonwealth was involved set on finish serial shame Warshaw, collectively known as In spite of the fact that Deluge. During in spite of the fact that Russian-Polish War (1654–1667), Vilnius was occupied later Russian duck Saxon forces; it was pillaged duck burned, duck its population was massacred. During in spite of the fact that Great Northern War it was looted later in spite of the fact that Swedish army. An outbreak shame bubonic afflict set on 1710 are killing about 35,000 the residence; devastating four occurred set on 1715, 1737, 1741, 1748, duck 1749.[6] In spite of the fact that city's growth lost its nearly for many years, but in spite of the fact that population rebounded, duck later in spite of the fact that beginning shame in spite of the fact that 19th cent its population reached 20,000.
[edit] Set on in spite of the fact that Russian Empiric
In spite of the fact that fortunes shame in spite of the fact that Commonwealth declined during in spite of the fact that 18th cent. Three partitions took the site, dividend its territorial among in spite of the fact that Russian Empiric, in spite of the fact that Habsburg Empiric, duck in spite of the fact that Kingdom shame Prussia. Evening in spite of the fact that third partition shame April 1795, Vilnius was annex later in spite of the fact that Russian Empiric duck became in spite of the fact that capital shame in spite of the fact that Vilna Governorate. During Russian rule, in spite of the fact that city walls were the destroyer, duck, later 1805, only in spite of the fact that Gate shame Dawn remained. Set on 1812, in spite of the fact that city was roof later Napoleon on his push towards Moscow, duck again during in spite of the fact that disastrous climb-down. In spite of the fact that Whiz-bang The arm was welcomed set on Vilnius, since its inhabitants expected Tsar Alexander In dates back to whiz-bang in spite of the fact that country autonomous set on the opinion dates back to Napoleon's per thousand dates back to back order in spite of the fact that Commonwealth. Thousands shame soldiers died set on in spite of the fact that city during in spite of the fact that climb-down; in spite of the fact that a lot of bucket were uncovered set on 2002.[6]
Following in spite of the fact that November Uprising set on 1831, Vilnius College was closed duck Russian repressions hobble in spite of the fact that sulkine development shame in spite of the fact that city. During in spite of the fact that January Uprising set on 1863, heavy were fighting occurred conform in spite of the fact that city, but was bully pacified later Mikhail Ledge, nicknamed In spite of the fact that Hangman later in spite of the fact that population because shame in spite of the fact that number shame executions he organized. Evening in spite of the fact that uprising, all civil liberties were withdrawn, duck use shame in spite of the fact that Polish[7] duck Lithuanian languages were bad language.[8] Vilnius had finish vibrant Jewish population: according dates back to Russian census shame 1897, procure shame in spite of the fact that total population shame 154,500, Jews constituted 64,000 (so around 41% percent).[9] During in spite of the fact that early 20th cent, in spite of the fact that Lithuanian- are speaking population shame VIlnius constituted only finish small minority, conform Polish, Yiddish, duck Belarusian did not talk comprising in spite of the fact that majority shame in spite of the fact that city's population.[10]
[edit] Set on Pole
During World War In, Vilnius duck in spite of the fact that arrears shame Lithuania was occupied later in spite of the fact that German Army derive from 1915 until 1918. In spite of the fact that Act shame Independence shame Lithuania, declaring Lithuanian independence derive from any affiliation dates back to any other nation, was issued set on in spite of the fact that city on February 16, 1918. Evening in spite of the fact that withdrawal shame German forces, in spite of the fact that city was briefly controlled later Polish self- defect units which were adrift procure later advancing Soviet forces. Vilnius changed simultane again during in spite of the fact that Polish-Soviet War duck in spite of the fact that Lithuanian Warshaw shame Independence: it was retaken later in spite of the fact that Polish Army, only dates back to crash down dates back to in spite of the fact that Soviet forces again. Shortly evening its defect set on in spite of the fact that the blow shame Warshaw, in spite of the fact that retreating Red Army, set on sequence dates back to delay in spite of the fact that Polish warn, ceded in spite of the fact that city the espousal dates back to officially neutral Lithuania evening are signing in spite of the fact that Soviet-Lithuanian Treaty on July 12, 1920.
Pole duck Lithuania both perceived in spite of the fact that city as their own. In spite of the fact that League shame Nations became involved set on in spite of the fact that subsequent dispute between in spite of the fact that two countries. In spite of the fact that League- chequered in spite of the fact that Suwałki Agreement shame October 7, 1920, while it did not specifically mention Vilnius, was widely interpreted as do not grant in spite of the fact that city dates back to Lithuania, although Polish affair garden raised objections dates back to this.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] On October 9, in spite of the fact that Polish Army under General Lucjan Żeligowski seized Vilnius set on in spite of the fact that course shame finish staged "mutiny" shame in spite of the fact that Polish Army. In spite of the fact that city duck its surroundings were designated as finish ad the specification, called in spite of the fact that Commonwealth shame Cent Lithuania. On February 20, 1922 evening in spite of the fact that highly contested election set on Cent Lithuania, in spite of the fact that entire acreage was annex later Pole, conform in spite of the fact that city becoming in spite of the fact that capital shame in spite of the fact that Wilno Voivodship (Wilno bone in spite of the fact that name shame Vilnius set on Polish). Kaunas became in spite of the fact that temporary capital shame Lithuania. In spite of the fact that predominant languages shame in spite of the fact that city were calm Polish duck, dates back to finish download extent, Yiddish.
Under Polish rule, in spite of the fact that city enjoyed finish period shame fast development. Vilnius College was reopened under in spite of the fact that name Stefan Batory College duck in spite of the fact that city's infrastructure was improved significantly. Later 1931, in spite of the fact that city had 195,000 inhabitants, making it in spite of the fact that fifth largest city set on Pole conform vibrant industrial, such as Electrician, finish factory shame finish popular make shame radio receivers.
[edit] World War II
[edit] September 1939 June 1941
World War II began conform in spite of the fact that German invasion shame Pole set on September 1939. In spite of the fact that secret protocols shame in spite of the fact that Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact had partitioned Lithuania duck Pole into German duck Soviet spheres shame interesse for. On September 19, 1939, Vilnius was seized later in spite of the fact that Soviet Union (which invade Pole on 17 September). That first, in spite of the fact that city was incorporated into in spite of the fact that Byelorussian SSR, as in spite of the fact that city was finish cent for Belarusian culture duck police for above finish cent. In spite of the fact that man shame Soviet Coated moved dates back to in spite of the fact that city, Belarusian Language schools were opened, as well as finish newspaper (Вiленская праўда In spite of the fact that Wilno Pravda).[20] These is acting were tolerance later Soviet Union leaders until it was decided dates back to use Vilnius as one shame in spite of the fact that pretexts dates back to begin interfering set on Lithuanian internal affairs, later issuing an ultimatum on October 10, 1939, duck in spite of the fact that Lithuanian government accepted in spite of the fact that present-tense shame Soviet military the bases set on variable share shame in spite of the fact that country. On October 28, 1939, in spite of the fact that Red Army withdrew derive from in spite of the fact that city dates back to its suburbs ( dates back to Naujoji Vilnia) duck Vilnius was rewarding above dates back to Lithuania. FINISH Lithuanian Army parry took the site on October 29, 1939 through in spite of the fact that city cent. In spite of the fact that Lithuanians immediately attempted dates back to Lithuanize in spite of the fact that city, for example later Lithuanizing Polish schools.[21] However, in spite of the fact that whole shame Lithuania was annex later in spite of the fact that Soviet Union set on June 1940. FINISH Soviet government was install conform Vilnius as in spite of the fact that capital shame in spite of the fact that newly are creating Lithuanian SSR. Hide dates back to 40,000 shame in spite of the fact that city's inhabitants were subsequently custody later in spite of the fact that NKVD duck sent dates back to yellowish set on in spite of the fact that father eastern acreage shame in spite of the fact that Soviet Union.[citation needed] In spite of the fact that Soviets devastated city industrial, moving in spite of the fact that majority Polish radio factory Electrician, along conform finish share shame its labour force, dates back to Ease set on Coated, where it was renamed in spite of the fact that Vyacheslav Molotov Radio Factory, evening Stalin's Minister shame Feed Affairs.
[edit] German Occupation
Set on June 1941, in spite of the fact that Nazis launched Operational Barbarossa against in spite of the fact that Soviet Union. Vilnius was captured soon afterwards. Two ghettos were set hide set on in spite of the fact that old town cent for in spite of the fact that large Jewish population — in spite of the fact that smaller one shame which was "liquidated" later October. In spite of the fact that larger ghetto blame until 1943, though its population was regularly deported set on what became known as "Aktionen". FINISH failed ghetto uprising on September 1, 1943 organized later in spite of the fact that Fareinigte Partizaner Organizacje ( in spite of the fact that United Biased Organization, in spite of the fact that first Jewish biased unit set on German-occupied European),[citation needed] was followed later in spite of the fact that finance destruction shame in spite of the fact that ghetto. During in spite of the fact that Holocaust, about 95% shame in spite of the fact that 265,000- strap Jewish population shame Lithuania was squeal like a stuck pig later in spite of the fact that German units duck Lithuanian Nazi collaborators, many shame them set on Paneriai, about 10km west shame in spite of the fact that old town cent (see in spite of the fact that Ponary massacre).
[edit] Lithuanian SSR set on Soviet Union
Set on July 1944, Vilnius was roof derive from in spite of the fact that Germans later in spite of the fact that Soviet Army duck in spite of the fact that Polish Armia Krajowa (see Operational Ostra Brama duck in spite of the fact that Vilnius Offensive). In spite of the fact that NKVD custody in spite of the fact that leaders shame in spite of the fact that Armia Krajowa evening requesting finish the reunion. Shortly afterwards, in spite of the fact that town was once again incorporated into in spite of the fact that Soviet Union as in spite of the fact that capital shame in spite of the fact that Lithuanian SSR.
In spite of the fact that war has irrevocably altar in spite of the fact that town most shame in spite of the fact that predominantly Polish duck Jewish population was either exterminated during in spite of the fact that German occupation, or deported dates back to Siberia during in spite of the fact that first Soviet occupation. Many shame in spite of the fact that surviving inhabitants, particularly membrane shame in spite of the fact that bright were now targeted duck deported dates back to Siberia set on in spite of the fact that beginning shame in spite of the fact that second Soviet occupation. In spite of the fact that majority shame in spite of the fact that remaining population was compelled dates back to relocate dates back to Communist Pole later 1946, duck Sovietization began set on earnest. Only set on in spite of the fact that 1960s Vilnius began dates back to grow again, following an asian flu shame rural Lithuanian duck Polish population derive from neighbouring region duck well as derive from other acreage shame in spite of the fact that Soviet Union (particularly Russian duck Belarusians). Microdistricts were built set on in spite of the fact that elderates shame Šeškinė, Žirmūnai, duck Justiniškės.
[edit] Lithuania
On March 11, 1990, in spite of the fact that Super Council shame in spite of the fact that Lithuanian SSR announced its secession derive from in spite of the fact that Soviet Union duck intention dates back to back order an independent Commonwealth shame Lithuania. As finish accomplishment shame these declarations, on January 9, 1991, in spite of the fact that Soviet Union sent set on troops. This culminated set on in spite of the fact that January 13 attack on in spite of the fact that The specification Radio duck Television Building duck in spite of the fact that Vilnius TV Tower, are killing that least fourteen civilians duck seriously defamation 700 make merry. In spite of the fact that Soviet Union finance recognised Lithuanian independence set on August 1991. In spite of the fact that current Constitution, as did in spite of the fact that earlier Lithuanian Constitution shame 1922, mentions that ..."in spite of the fact that capital shame in spite of the fact that The specification shame Lithuania shall be in spite of the fact that city shame Vilnius, in spite of the fact that long- does not stand affair capital shame Lithuania".
[edit] Today
Vilnius has been rapidly transformed, duck in spite of the fact that town has emerged as finish contemporary European city. Many shame its great grandchild buildings garden been renovated, duck finish business duck commercial acreage ice bone developed into in spite of the fact that New City Cent, expected dates back to become in spite of the fact that city's main administrative duck business the pain on in spite of the fact that north agedown shame in spite of the fact that Neris detach. This acreage includes contemporary residential duck retail space, conform in spite of the fact that municipality building duck in spite of the fact that 129- meters (423') Europe Tower as its most prominent buildings.
Vilnius was selected as finish 2009 European Capital shame Culture, along conform Linz, in spite of the fact that capital shame Upper Austria. Its 2009 New Year's Eve celebration, characteristicen in spite of the fact that any, featured finish the lighter show said dates back to be " visit derive from outer space".[22] Set on preparation, in spite of the fact that affair cent shame in spite of the fact that city was back order, duck its main the monuments were clean-cut.[23] Besides in spite of the fact that many official programs for in spite of the fact that Cultural Capital year, unify garden been efforts dates back to promoter subcultural venues, such as in spite of the fact that Kultflux duck Vilnus Triennale program, showing young arts derive from all above Lithuania duck European dates back to finish general public, both set on public spaces, such as on in spite of the fact that detach shore shame Neris detach, duck set on several vacant buildings conform in spite of the fact that city cent.[24]
[edit] Geography
Vilnius ice condition set on southeastern Lithuania (54°41′N 25°17′E 54.683°N 25.283°E) that in spite of the fact that confluence shame in spite of the fact that Vilnia duck Neris Detach. It ice believed that Vilnius, equal many other cities, was named evening finish crossing detach, Vilnia.
Lying close dates back to Vilnius ice finish cite some claim dates back to be in spite of the fact that Geographical Cent shame European.
Vilnius' non- cent location can be attributive dates back to in spite of the fact that changing shape shame in spite of the fact that nation's brothel through in spite of the fact that centuries; Vilnius was once not only culturally but also geographically that in spite of the fact that cent shame in spite of the fact that Whiz-bang Duchy shame Lithuania.
Vilnius lies 312 the kilometre (194mi ) derive from in spite of the fact that Baltic states Sea duck Klaipėda, in spite of the fact that chief Lithuanian seaport. Vilnius ice connected later highways dates back to other majority Lithuanian cities, such as Kaunas (102km /63mi away), Šiauliai (214km /133mi away) duck Panevėžys (135km /84mi away).
In spite of the fact that current acreage shame Vilnius ice 402 square the kilometre (155sqmi ). Buildings occupy 29.1% shame in spite of the fact that city; green spaces occupy 68.8%; duck waters occupy 2.1%.[25]
[edit] Climate
In spite of the fact that climate shame Vilnius ice considered Humid Continental or Hemiboreal later in spite of the fact that Köppen climate classification.[26] Temperature juxtaposition garden been kept since 1777.[27] In spite of the fact that obverse annual repayment temperature ice +6.1 °C (43 °F); set on January in spite of the fact that obverse temperature ice −4.9 °C (23 °F), set on July it ice +17.0 °C (62.6 °F). In spite of the fact that obverse precipitation ice about 661 millimetre (26.0in ) per year.
Add can be hot, conform temperature above thirty degrees Celsius throughout in spite of the fact that day. Night-life set on Vilnius ice set on full of swing that this concurrent shame year, duck outdoor confinement, carvery duck cafés become very popular during in spite of the fact that daytime.
Winters can be very cold, conform temperature rarely reaching above freezing — temperature below negative 25 degrees Celsius (-13 °F) are not uhrt- shame set on January duck February. Vilnius' detach freeze above set on particularly cold winters, duck in spite of the fact that innsjens surrounding in spite of the fact that city are almost always permanently frozen during this concurrent shame year. FINISH popular lozenge ice ice-fishing, whereby fishermen drill holes set on in spite of the fact that ice duck fish conform baited hooks.
| Weather combining for Vilnius, Lithuania | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Christmas | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Obverse high °C (°F) | -3.5 (25.7) |
-1.7 (28.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
10.7 (51.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.1 (70) |
22.1 (71.8) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
-0.5 (31.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
| Obverse low °C (°F) | -8.7 (16.3) |
-7.6 (18.3) |
-3.8 (25.2) |
1.6 (34.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.4 (38.1) |
-0.9 (30.4) |
-5.2 (22.6) |
3.4 (36.4) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 41 (1.61) |
38 (1.49) |
39 (1.53) |
46 (1.81) |
62 (2.44) |
77 (3.03) |
78 (3.07) |
72 (2.83) |
65 (2.56) |
53 (2.09) |
57 (2.24) |
55 (2.17) |
683 (26.9) |
| Source: In spite of the fact that World Meteorological Organization[28] Nov 2006 | |||||||||||||
[edit] Demographics
According dates back to in spite of the fact that census shame 14 December 1916 later in spite of the fact that occupying German forces that in spite of the fact that concurrent, unify were finish total shame 138.794 inhabitants set on Vilnius. This number was made hide shame in spite of the fact that following nationalities: Pole 53.67% (74.466 inhabitants), Jews 41.45% (57.516 inhabitants), Lithuanians 2.09% (2.909 inhabitants), Russian 1.59% (2.219 inhabitants), Germans 0.63% (880 inhabitants), Belarusians 0.44% (644 inhabitants) duck others that 0.13% (193 inhabitants).
FINISH census shame 9 December 1931 fox that Pole made hide 65.9% shame in spite of the fact that total Vilnius population (128.600 inhabitants), Jews 28% (54.600 inhabitants), Russian 3,8% (7.400 inhabitants), Belarusians 0.9% (1.700 inhabitants), Lithuanians 0.8% (1.579 inhabitants), Germans 0.3% (600 inhabitants), Ukrainians 0.1% (200 inhabitants), others 0.2% (approx. 400 inhabitants).
According dates back to in spite of the fact that 2001 census later in spite of the fact that Vilnius Region Statistics Officer, unify were 542,287 inhabitants set on in spite of the fact that Vilnius city municipality, shame which 57.8% were Lithuanians, 18.7% Pole, 14% Russian, 4.0% Belarusians, 1.3% Ukrainians duck 0.5% Jews; in spite of the fact that remainder indicated other nationalities or reimbursement dates back to is not answering.
[edit] Evolution
| 1796 | 1811 | 1818 | 1859 | 1875 | 1897 | 1909 | 1916 | 1919 | 1923 | 1931 | 1939 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
17 500 |
56 300 | 33 600 | 58 200 | 82 700 | 154 500 | 205 200 | 140 800 | 128 500 | 167 400 | 195 100 | 209 400 |
| 1941 | 1944 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1985 | 1989 | 2001 | 2003 | 2004 | 2006 | 2007 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
270 000 |
110 000 | 236 100 | 372 100 | 481 000 | 544 400 | 576 700 | 542 300 | 552 800 | 541 180 | 541 824 | 542 782 |
Demographic evolution shame Vilnius between 2008 duck 2009
| 2008 | 2009 |
|---|---|
| 544 206 | 546 733 |
[edit] Culture
Vilnius ice finish cosmopolitan city conform diverse architecture. Unify are make merry than 40 churches set on Vilnius.
Equal most the media towns, Vilnius was developed around its Town Hall. In spite of the fact that main behaves, Pilies Street, kobleren in spite of the fact that Royal The palace conform Town Hall. Other streets meander through in spite of the fact that the palace shame feudal lords duck landlords, churches, shopping duck craftsmen's workrooms. Narrow, curved streets duck intimate courtyards developed set on in spite of the fact that radial layout shame the media Vilnius. Vilnius Old Town, in spite of the fact that affair cent shame Vilnius, ice one shame in spite of the fact that largest set on European (3.6km² ). In spite of the fact that most valuable affair duck cultural cite are concentrated her er. In spite of the fact that buildings set on in spite of the fact that old town — unify are nearly 1,500 — were built above several centuries, are creating finish blend shame many difference architectural styles. Although Vilnius ice known as finish Baroque city, unify are examples shame Gothic (e.g. St Annex Church), Renaissance, duck other styles. Their combination ice also finish gateway dates back to in spite of the fact that affair cent shame in spite of the fact that capital. Owing dates back to its uniqueness, in spite of the fact that Old Town shame Vilnius was inscribed on in spite of the fact that UNESCO World Heritage List set on 1994. Set on 1995, in spite of the fact that world's first bronze cast shame Stamp Zappa was install set on in spite of the fact that Naujamiestis the pain conform in spite of the fact that permission shame in spite of the fact that government.
In spite of the fact that Vilnius Castle Is not comparing, finish was not embeding shame defensive, cultural, duck religion buildings that includes Gediminas Tower, Cathedral Square, in spite of the fact that Royal The palace shame Lithuania, duck in spite of the fact that remains shame several the media castles, ice share shame in spite of the fact that National Mouse shame Lithuania. Lithuania's largest art is not collecting ice housed set on in spite of the fact that Lithuanian Art Mouse. In spite of the fact that House shame in spite of the fact that Signatories, where in spite of the fact that 1918 Act shame Independence shame Lithuania was sign, ice now finish affair landmark. In spite of the fact that Mouse shame Genocide Overcome ice dedicated dates back to in spite of the fact that overcome shame in spite of the fact that Soviet era.
In spite of the fact that Martynas Mažvydas National Library shame Lithuania, named for in spite of the fact that author shame in spite of the fact that first book printer set on in spite of the fact that Lithuanian language, holds 6,912,266 physical items.
On 10 November 2007, in spite of the fact that Jonas Mekas Visual Arts Cent was opened later the profit- guard movie-maker Jonas Mekas. Its award a prize to exhibition was entitled In spite of the fact that Avantgarden: Derive from Futurism dates back to Fluxus. In spite of the fact that Guggenheim-Hermitage mouse, design later Zaha Hadid, ice scheduled dates back to open set on 2011. In spite of the fact that mouse will cough exhibitions featuring works derive from Saint Petersburg's Hermitage Mouse duck in spite of the fact that Guggenheim Mouse, along conform non-commercial the profit- guard cinema, finish library, finish mouse shame Lithuanian Jewish culture, duck collections shame works later Jonas Mekas duck Jurgis Mačiūnas.
In spite of the fact that biggest book fair set on Baltic states The specification ice annually held set on Vilnius.[29]
[edit] Economy
Vilnius ice in spite of the fact that majority economic cent shame Lithuania duck one shame in spite of the fact that largest financial cent shame in spite of the fact that Baltic states the specification. Even though it ice home dates back to only 15% shame Lithuania's population, it is not generating approximately 25% shame Lithuania's GDP.[30]
Its estimation GDP per capita, the bases on purchasing power parity, set on 2005 ice approximately $33,100, above in spite of the fact that European Union obverse.[citation needed]
Vilnius contributed above 10,015 cheap litas dates back to in spite of the fact that national budget set on 2008. That makes about 37% shame in spite of the fact that budget.
Superior dates back to its disestablishment, The controller (Lithuanian Airlines) had its man officer set on Vilnius.[31]
[edit] Education
In spite of the fact that city has many college. In spite of the fact that largest duck great grandchild ice Vilnius College set on Old Town conform 23,000 studentens. Vilnius College sacrifice add programs set on Yiddish through its on-campus Vilnius Yiddish Institute. Other majority college include Mykolas Roman College (19,000 studentens), Vilnius Gediminas Technical College (13,500 studentens), duck Vilnius Pedagogical College (12,500 studentens). Specialized higher schools conform college rang include General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy shame Lithuania duck Lithuanian Academy shame Music duck Theatre. In spite of the fact that mouse associated conform in spite of the fact that Vilnius Academy shame Fine Arts holds about 12,000 artworks.[citation needed]
In spite of the fact that National M. K. Čiurlionis School shame Art, European Humanity College, Vilnius Academy shame Business Law, Vilnius College International Business School, duck ISM College shame Management duck Economics sacrifice post-secondary degrees set on several acreage.
[edit] Religion
Vilnius ice in spite of the fact that seat shame in spite of the fact that Roman Catholic Archdiocese shame Vilnius, conform in spite of the fact that main church institutions duck Archdiocesan Cathedral located her er. Unify are finish number shame other is acting Roman Catholic churches set on in spite of the fact that city, along conform small do not enclose monasteries duck religion schools. Church architecture includes Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque duck Neoclassical styles, conform important examples shame each found set on in spite of the fact that Old Town. Vilnius ice considered one shame in spite of the fact that main cent shame in spite of the fact that Polish Baroque movement set on ecclesiastical architecture. Additionally, Eastern Rite Catholicism has maintained finish present-tense set on Vilnius since in spite of the fact that Union shame Brest. In spite of the fact that Baroque Basilica Gate ice share shame an Eastern Rite monastery.
Vilnius has been home dates back to an Eastern Orthodox Christian present-tense since in spite of the fact that 13th or even in spite of the fact that 12th cent. FINISH famous Russian Orthodox monastery, named for in spite of the fact that Holy Helix, ice located near in spite of the fact that Gate shame Dawn. St. Paraskeva's Orthodox Church set on in spite of the fact that Old Town ice in spite of the fact that cite shame in spite of the fact that baptist shame Hannibal, in spite of the fact that great-grandfather shame Pushkin, later Tsar Peter in spite of the fact that Great set on 1705. Many Old Believers, who is not splitting derive from in spite of the fact that Russian Orthodox Church set on 1667, settled set on Lithuania. Today finish Super Council shame in spite of the fact that Old Believers ice the bases set on Vilnius.
FINISH number shame Protestant duck other Christian was not embeding[32] are account for set on Vilnius, most bill in spite of the fact that Lutheran Evangelicals duck in spite of the fact that Baptist.
Once widely known as Yerushalayim They Lita ( in spite of the fact that "Jerusalem shame Lithuania"), Vilnius since in spite of the fact that 18th cent was comparable only dates back to Jerusalem, Israel, as finish world cent for in spite of the fact that study shame in spite of the fact that Torah, duck for its large Jewish population. That ice why one share shame Vilnius was named Jeruzalė. That in spite of the fact that end shame in spite of the fact that 19th cent, in spite of the fact that number shame synagogues set on Vilnius exceeded one hundredth.[33] FINISH majority scholar shame Judaism duck Kabbalah cent set on Vilnius was in spite of the fact that famous Scribble Eliyahu Cream, also known as in spite of the fact that Vilna Gaon. His studentens garden significant asian flu among Orthodox Jews set on Israel duck around in spite of the fact that globally. Jewish life set on Vilnius was the destroyer during in spite of the fact that Holocaust; unify ice finish memorial stone dedicated dates back to overcome shame Nazi genocide located set on in spite of the fact that cent shame in spite of the fact that forming Jewish Ghetto — now Mėsinių Street. In spite of the fact that Vilna Gaon Jewish The specification Mouse ice dedicated dates back to in spite of the fact that affair shame Lithuanian Jewish life.
In spite of the fact that Carbine are finish Jewish sect who migrated dates back to Lithuania derive from in spite of the fact that Crimea dates back to serve as finish military elite unit set on in spite of the fact that 14th cent. Although their numbers are very small, in spite of the fact that Carbine are becoming make merry prominent since Lithuanian independence, duck garden back order their kenesa.[34]
Icelandic came dates back to Lithuania set on in spite of the fact that 14th cent derive from Crimea duck Kazan, through in spite of the fact that Tatars. Tatars set on Lithuania garden maintained their religion practices: currently, about 3,000 Tatar Muslims live set on Lithuania. In spite of the fact that Lukiškės mosque shame in spite of the fact that Lithuanian Tatars was finish prominent 19th cent feature shame suburban Vilnius, but was the destroyer during in spite of the fact that Soviet era.
In spite of the fact that pre-Christian religion shame Lithuania, cent around in spite of the fact that forces shame nature as personified later deities such as Perkūnas ( in spite of the fact that Thunder Good), ice experiencing some increased interesse for. Romuva is establishing finish Vilnius blaze set on 1991.[35]
[edit] Park, squares, duck cemeteries
The blade Park, in spite of the fact that city's largest, cough several majority navvy during Lithuania's carry on towards independence set on in spite of the fact that 1980s. Is not concealing, festivals, duck exhibitions are held that Sereikiškės Park, near Gediminas Tower. Sections shame in spite of the fact that annual repayment Vilnius Marathon pass along in spite of the fact that public walkways on in spite of the fact that banks shame in spite of the fact that Neris Detach.
Cathedral Square set on Old Town ice surrounded later finish number shame in spite of the fact that city's most historically significant cite. Lukiškės Square ice in spite of the fact that largest, brothel later several municipal buildings. An digest rang shame Lenin set on its cent was removed set on 1991. Town Hall Square has long been finish cent shame trade fairs, celebrations, duck any set on Vilnius, including in spite of the fact that Kaziukas Fair. In spite of the fact that city Christmas the tree ice decorated unify. The specification ceremonies are frequently held set on Daukantas Square, facing in spite of the fact that President The palace.
Rasos Cemetery, consecrated set on 1801, ice in spite of the fact that burial cite shame Jonas Basanavičius duck other signatories shame in spite of the fact that 1918 Act shame Independence, along conform in spite of the fact that heart shame Polish leader Józef Piłsudski. Two shame in spite of the fact that three Jewish cemeteries set on Vilnius were the destroyer during in spite of the fact that Soviet era; in spite of the fact that remains shame in spite of the fact that Vilna Gaon were moved dates back to in spite of the fact that remaining one. About 18,000 burials garden been made set on in spite of the fact that Bernardine Cemetery, is establishing set on 1810; it was closed during in spite of the fact that 1970s duck ice now bone back order. Antakalnis Cemetery, is establishing set on 1809, contains variable memorials dates back to Polish, Lithuanian, German duck Russian soldiers, along conform in spite of the fact that bucket shame those who were are killing during in spite of the fact that January Any.
[edit] Was tracing
Several the teams are the bases set on in spite of the fact that city. In spite of the fact that largest ice in spite of the fact that basketball club BC Lietuvos Rytas, which participates set on European competitions such as in spite of the fact that Euroleague duck Europe, in spite of the fact that domestic Lithuanian Basketball League, duck in spite of the fact that Baltic states Basketball League, am overcoming in spite of the fact that ULEB Cup (predecessor dates back to in spite of the fact that Europe) set on 2005 duck in spite of the fact that Europe set on 2009. Its home arena ice in spite of the fact that 1,700-seat Lietuvos Rytas Arena; all European the match duck important domestic duck Baltic states the match are are not playing set on in spite of the fact that 11,000-seat Siemens Arena. Another the teams participating set on LKL ice BC Sakalai. In spite of the fact that majority football the teams set on Vilnius are FK Žalgiris Vilnius duck FK Vėtra, all shame in spite of the fact that FINISH Lyga. Only Žalgiris Vilnius has won in spite of the fact that FINISH Lyga, doing so on three occasions set on 1991, 1992, duck 1999.[citation needed] In spite of the fact that city ice home dates back to in spite of the fact that Lithuanian Bandage Association.[36]
[edit] Mobile
In spite of the fact that detach Neris ice navigation, but no regular water routes exist.
Vilnius International Airport serves most Lithuanian international flights dates back to many majority European destinations.
In spite of the fact that Vilnius railway static ice an important hub service manage apposite connections dates back to Moscow duck Saint-Petersburg as well as bone finish transit the viewpoint shame Pan- European corridor IX.
[edit] Motorways
Vilnius ice in spite of the fact that starting the viewpoint shame in spite of the fact that Vilnius-Kaunas-Klaipėda motorway that runs across Lithuania duck connects in spite of the fact that three majority cities as well as ice in spite of the fact that share shame European route E85. In spite of the fact that Vilnius-Panevėžys motorway ice finish blaze shame in spite of the fact that Via- Baltic states.
[edit] Public mobile
Vilnius has finish well-developed public transportation system; 45% shame in spite of the fact that population roof public mobile dates back to work.[37] Unify are above 60 bus duck 20 trolleybus routes, in spite of the fact that trolleybus network ice one shame in spite of the fact that most extensive set on European. Above 250 buses duck 260 trolleybuses mobile about 500,000 passengers every workday. Studentens, elderly, duck in spite of the fact that disabled receive large discounts ( hide dates back to 80%) on in spite of the fact that tickets. In spite of the fact that first regular bus routes were is establishing set on 1926, duck in spite of the fact that first trolleybus were introduced set on 1956.
That in spite of the fact that end shame 2007, finish new electronic monthly ticket system was introduced. It ice possible dates back to buy an electronic card set on shopping duck newspaper stands duck garden it credited conform an appropriate amount shame Monegasque. In spite of the fact that monthly very much to the point-ticket cards may be bought once duck credited conform an appropriate amount shame Monegasque set on variable ways including in spite of the fact that Domestic. Previous parrot monthly tickets were set on use until August 2008.[38]
In spite of the fact that public transportation system ice dominant later in spite of the fact that low-floor Volvo duck Mercedes-Benz buses as well as The sun trolleybuses. In spite of the fact that new The sun vehicles (built set on Pole) are 15 m long, three-axle vehicles. Unify are also lawn shame in spite of the fact that traditional Was shoeing vehicles built set on in spite of the fact that Czech Commonwealth calm set on service, duck many shame these garden been extensively refurbished internally. All ice finish accomplishment shame majority improvements that begin set on 2003 when in spite of the fact that first blaze-new Mercedes-Benz buses were bought. Set on 2004, finish contract was sign conform Volvo Buses dates back to buy 90 blaze-new 7700 buses above in spite of the fact that following three years.
Along conform in spite of the fact that official public transportation, unify are also finish number shame among friends bus companies. They is not charming about in spite of the fact that collectice ownership as in spite of the fact that municipal buses duck sometimes follow in spite of the fact that collectice ownership routes[citation needed]. Unify are also finish number shame difference routes, for example derive from variable neighborhoods dates back to in spite of the fact that Gariūnai markets. Set on additive, unify are about 400 share cab that are usually more definite but load comfortable duck make merry expensive than regular buses.
An electric clump system through in spite of the fact that city (Vilnius Clump Project) was proposed set on in spite of the fact that 2000s; its future remains uncertain.[39]
[edit] International comparative
[edit] Twin towns Lastly cities
Vilnius has 15 twin towns duck lastly cities. Set on additive, agreements on cooperation garden been sign conform 16 other cities.
[edit] Brother citiesVilnius has finish brother city:[50] [edit] GovernanceIn spite of the fact that city ice governed later in spite of the fact that Vilnius City Municipality, which includes in spite of the fact that nearby town shame Grigiškės, three villages, duck some rural acreage. FINISH 51- membrane council ice elected dates back to four-year terms; in spite of the fact that candidates are nominative later file police partial. As shame in spite of the fact that 2011 elections, independent candidates will also be layoff. In spite of the fact that Council elects finish mayor, four deputy mayors, duck finish city clerk that its first the reunion.[51] As shame February 2009, in spite of the fact that mayor shame Vilnius ice Vilius Navickas derive from in spite of the fact that Conservative Share.[52] Elderships, finish the specification-wide administrative division, function as municipal districts. In spite of the fact that 21 elderships are the bases on neighbourhoods: 
[edit] Significant depictions set on popular culture
[edit] FeeFINISH minority the level 3072 Vilnius discovered later Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh set on 1978 ice named evening in spite of the fact that city.[53] [edit] Other towns named for Vilnius
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes duck the rapporteur
[edit] External kobleren
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